An Empirical Study of Price Correlations: 2. The Decrease in Price Correlation with Distance and the Concept of Correlation Length

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Roehner
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Correlation Length ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Characteristic Distance ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The dependence of the correlation between wheat price fluctuations on different markets with respect to the distance between those markets is investigated. It is shown that the decrease in the correlation is exponential and is governed by a characteristic distance which is called the correlation length for wheat prices. This is a measure of the level of market integration in a given area. The magnitude of the correlation length is compared for different cereals: wheat, rye, and oats, and the evolution of the correlation length during the 19th century is studied. In particular, it is observed that subsistence crises are characterised by a collective behaviour of the economy which results in a sudden peak in the correlation length. Last, the part played by the spatial correlation between precipitations is investigated. It appears to be rather small; consequently, the price-correlation length is primarily the result of economic factors.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

US State constitutional entrenchment and default in the 19th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Dove ◽  
Andrew T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Credible Commitments ◽  
Constitutional Design ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Lower Likelihood ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractConstitutional scholars emphasize the importance of an enduring, stable constitutional order, which North and Weingast (1989) argue is consistent with credible commitments to sustainable fiscal policies. However, this view is controversial and has received little empirical study. We use 19th-century US state-level data to estimate relationships between constitutional design and the likelihood of a government default. Results indicate that more entrenched and less specific constitutions are associated with a lower likelihood of default.

Railroads and Trade in 19th-Century India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kuehlwein
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Railway System ◽  
Trade Prices ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Future Work

In the latter half of the 19th century, India built the fifth-largest railway system in the world. At the same time, domestic and foreign trade grew rapidly. By the turn of the century, India was the largest exporter in Asia and the ninth largest in the world. The growth in railways played a critical role in that expansion of trade. This growth is highly correlated with several trade-related phenomena, including lower temporal price variability, increased market integration, and falling spatial price dispersion. Measuring the rail’s precise impact though is challenging, because many other relevant factors were changing too, at home and abroad. Trying to control for some of them seems to bring estimates of the contribution of railways to trade down to more modest levels. Additional research is needed to better understand this relationship. Fortunately, there is extensive data on railways, trade, prices, and production. More data are being discovered and assembled. Some of the estimation has become quite sophisticated. Endogeneity issues are being addressed. There has been a greater focus on controlling for other variables to demonstrate causality. Many hypotheses have yet to be tested. This is a rich area for future work.

scholarly journals Ethnic Migration in North-West Ingermanland: The Influence of Economic Development on Local Differences in the Second Half of the 19th Century

2011 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Andrei Kalinitchev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
North West ◽  
Group A ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Ethnic Migration ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ingermanland became a destination point for migrants of many nationalities and had an inner circulation of the domestic population in the 19th century. Migratory routes, as well as the outflow and inflow volumes in the region differed for each ethnic group. A micro-historical approach enables one to assess the various reasons for the mobility of the homogeneous domestic population. There was a specific migration of orphans to Lutheran Finnish communities. Indeed the main reason for this migration was due to economic factors. A structural change of employment in the case of the closure of factories resulted in the outward movement of the population, alongside the allure of higher wages in localities with an industrial and trade infrastructure. The expansion of St. Petersburgs city border led to complex migratory processes as a result of the rapid economic development of the capital region. Ingermanland became an important part of the international market exchange that created opportunities for migrants and businesses of residents affected by the changes, who increasingly gave up agricultural production and sought other ways of earning a livelihood.

Commodity Market Integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Commodity Market ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
The 19Th Century

The literature on market integration explores the development of the commodity market with data on prices, which is a useful complement to analysis of trade and the only feasible approach when data on trade are not available. Data on prices and quantity can help in understanding when markets developed, why, and the degree to which their development increased welfare and economic growth. Integration progressed slowly throughout the early modern period, with significant acceleration in the first half of the 19th century. Causes of integration include development of transportation infrastructure, changes in barriers to trade, and short-term shocks, such as wars. Literature on the effects of market integration is limited and strategies for estimating the effects of market integration are must be developed.

scholarly journals GERAKAN ISLAMIS DI SUMATERA BARAT PASCA ORDE BARU

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainal Zainal
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New Order ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Historical Factor ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Local Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Islamist Movement

<p>Abstrak:Gerakan Islamisme Radikalisme dalam Islam terlahir tidak hanya karena faktor pemahaman keagamaan yang literal terhadap ayat-ayat al-Qur’an atau faktor derivasi politik, sosial dan ekonomi saja, akan tetapi juga karena faktor bacaan yang kurang tepat terhadap sejarah Islam yang dikombinasikan dengan idealisasi berlebihan terhadap Islam pada masa tertentu. Tulisan ini mengungkap bagaimana faktor sejarah gerakan lokal berkontribusi pada memunculkan radikalisme. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis dengan memahami kronologis dan proses munculnya radikalisme Islam pasca Orde Baru di Sumatera Barat. Penulis berargumen bahwa kemunculan radikalisme Islam semakin terbuka, terlebih ketika dihadapkan pada keinginan pengulangan periode sejarah kejayaan Islam secara eksklusif, tanpa disertai kajian yang komprehensif tentang Islam dan masyarakat Muslim. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa gerakan radikalisme Islam di Sumatera Barat memiliki ketersambungan historis dengan gerakan Paderi abad ke-19.<br /> <br />Abstract: Islamist Movement in the Post-New Order Era West Sumatra. Islamist movement or radicalism  emerges not only due to the literal understanding of verses of the Qur’an nor is it political, social and economic factors but it rather due to inappropriate reading of Islamic history combined with an excessive idealization of Islam in a given time. This writing tries to unveil how historical factor of local movement had contributed to the emergence of radicalism. This study uses a historical approach, by understanding the chronology and the process of the emergence of Islamic radicalism in the post-New Order West Sumatra. The writer argues that the emergence of Islamic radicalism is open even wider when it generated with the desire to repeat the period of Islamic glory without a comprehensive assessment of Islam and Muslim society. He also argues that Islamic radicalism movement in West Sumatra has a close historical bond with that of the 19th century Paderi.</p><p><br />Kata Kunci: Islamisme, pergerakan Islam, radikal, Sumatera Barat</p>

scholarly journals Cuban State and Legal Subjectivity in the 19th Century: Origins and Process of Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Aleksandr L. Sergeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Basic Result ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Legal Subjectivity ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is devoted to the origins of the Cuban state-legal subjectivity. The Cuban nation, which was born in the second half of the 18th century, went through a series of fundamental transformations in the 19th century, the basic result of which was the liberation from the yoke of the Spanish metropolis and the achievement of national independence. A number of social, foreign policy, and financial and economic factors contributed to this aspect. The American protectorate, however, imposed on Cuba in the form of the Platt Constitutional Amendment of 1901, did not allow the Island of Liberty to enjoy full sovereignty, which ultimately led to the victory of the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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