The normal life of settlers

This paper concerns Let me tell you a story about Israel, a theatrical play tasked with influencing existing perceptions of the Palestine/Israel conflict amongst international audiences. Drawing on the work of philosopher Baruch Spinoza, I explore the complex issue of how to address the need to change people’s political perceptions by using theatre as a form of activist persuasion. The play attempts to create an image of the conflict mostly absent in the commentaries of international observers who are unaware of the full implications of the conflict’s settler colonial character. Typically, they understand it in terms of two sides competing over land, frontiers and recognition. The sense of balance that this perception conveys pre-empts coming to grips with the colonial history of Palestine beginning with the advent of Zionism from late 19th century. Such a view also obscures the nature of current forms of Israeli domination and fails to take into account a major historical factor: that the settler colonial dynamic in Palestine rests on the ways social life in Israel is organised and reproduced. Hence, the play aims to make perceptible the relation between the social mechanisms of subjectivity formation in the Israeli society on the one hand, and the everyday performance of settler colonial power on the other. Making this relation observable is a necessary step towards rethinking where change could possibly come from.

Conceptual History of the Near East

Conceptual history holds tremendous potential to address a central issue in Near Eastern Studies, namely the formation of modernity in the Near East, provisionally located between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. The encounter with European powers, primarily Britain and France, was a decisive historical factor in this formation; and European hegemony is, in fact, inscribed into the very concept of “modernity,” which we take as an historical, rather than analytical, concept. The conceptual formation of modernity in Arabic and Turkish was, however, a multilayered process; involving both ruptures and continuities, intersecting various temporalities, and incorporating concepts from several languages. To interrogate this multilayered process, we suggest the metaphor of the Sattelzeit (Saddle Period) as a heuristic tool, precisely because of its being tied to modernity. Finally, the article will show what conceptual history of the Near East has to offer to conceptual history more broadly.

Assessment of the national significance «Skala-Podilsky park» park-memories and landscaping art green plantations conditions

Green plantations of ancient park not just only an important ecological component of human habitat, but also a cultural and historical factor of national identity. The history of Ternopil landscape art demonstrates the close links of Ukrainian culture with Polish, Lithuanian and Western European. Galicia is rich in architectural monuments of the past: fortresses, castles, defensive ramparts, courtyards, fortifications, fortified monasteries and temples, estates and manors of the local nobility. Decorative parks, orchards, and collections of medicinal plants were established near such buildings. Most of the ancient parks have undergone significant negative changes due to turbulent historical events in the twentieth century. But some objects, although in a state of disrepair, have been preserved and need to be restored and maintained. Skala-Podilsky Park, a monument of landscape art of national importance, was founded at the end of the 18th century. In the future, this park was repeatedly reconstructed. During that time, many ornamental, fruit, berry trees and shrubs, including exotic ones, have been acclimatized here. During the period of Ukraine's independence, proper care of plantations was not carried out. Such way brings the destruction of the park's infrastructure and a reduction in the number of valuable taxes. A tax inventory of dendroflora was carried out to organize the territory and reconstruct the park-monument. The vital and phytosanitary condition of trees and bushes was determined there according to the Alekseev scale. 63 species of trees, bushes and vines were found during this research. It is established that the general indicator of relative living condition of park plantings makes 57,7% and corresponds to a category "weakened". According to the phytosanitary condition of trees and shrubs, 41% belong to the category of "satisfactory", 34% - "good", 25% - "unsatisfactory". Thus, a quarter of the registered trees need to be rehabilitated or removed from the stand. The received materials testify to the need to conduct counting and inventory of all ancient parks of Ukraine and to develop a system of their geoinformation monitoring in order to streamline revitalization.

Correlation Between Levels of Interleukin-6 in Peritoneal Fluid With Degree of Pain, Adhesion, and Endometriosis Fertility Index Score in Endometriosis

Introduction : Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Several theories have been proposed to explain the occurrence of endometriosis, one of which is the theory of inflammation. Endometriosis lesions can produce inflammatory cytokines, resulting in their increased levels in the peritoneal fluid. This process causes disruption in pelvic anatomy, ovarian function, prostaglandin production and growth factor production that causes pain, adhesions and infertility. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important and potential inflammatory cytokine in assisting the diagnosis of endometriosis. These cytokines act as activating macrophages that can stimulate endometrial cell proliferation and modulate the secretion of other cytokines such as IL-10, IL-13 and TNF-α which augments the inflammatory process. High levels of IL-6 in the peritoneum are relatedto advanced endometriosis associated with pain, severe pelvic adhesions and embryotoxic effects leading to infertility. The effect of IL-6, both local and systemic, on the growth of endometriosis lesions and its associated symptoms is great that this cytokine is considered an important marker.Objective : This study aims to determine the relationship between local inflammatory factors (IL-6 in peritoneal fluid) obtained during laparoscopy with the degree of pain, the degree of adhesions and the correlation with the Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) score in endometriosis patients.Material and methods : This is a quantitative analytic research with a cross sectional study design which was conducted on 22 patients with endometriosis. Prior to the laparoscopy, historical factor (EFI score) was recorded and an assessment of the pain scale was performed by filling out a questionnaire. Intraoperatively, the peritoneal fluid was obtained. If the peritoneal fluid was found, it was taken directly with a volume of 3-5 cc using 10 cc syringe. If no fluid was found, peritoneal rinsing was performed using 0.9% NaCl fluid, then 3-5 cc fluid was aspirated using a 10 cc syringe. Subsequently, an examination was carried out using the RayBio Human IL-6 ELISA Kit. During the laparoscopy procedure, the degree of adhesion of the pelvic organs was assessed by looking at the shape and how the adhesions can be separated. Surgical factor (EFI score) was assessed intraoperatively to obtain data for the least function score, AFS endometriosis score and AFS total score. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t test and correlation test.Results : The mean age of the respondents was 34.86 ± 6.11 years, 81.8% were nulliparous, 100% were married, 100% experienced both primary and secondary infertility and 81.8% had no prior pregnancy history. In the study, it was found that IL-6 levels of peritoneal fluid were higher in patients with the degree of severe pain (P <0.05) compared to moderate with the results of 32.58 ± 7.31 pg/ml and 25.39 ± 2.70 pg/ml. IL-6 levels were found to be higher in grade three adhesions than grade two (P <0.05) with results of 32.78 ± 6.65 pg/ml and 23.86 ± 2.18 pg/ml. The mean peritoneal fluid IL-6 levels were 30.75 ± 7.01 pg/ml and the mean EFI score was 4.09 ± 2.09. The correlation of IL-6 levels in peritoneal fluid with EFI score showed a value of r = -0.448 which had moderate strength and a negative pattern, indicating that the higher the IL-6 level of peritoneal fluid, the lower the EFI score (P <0.05).Conclusion : There is a relationship between IL-6 levels of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis with the degree of pain and the degree of adhesion, where IL-6 levels were found to be higher in the degree of severe than moderate pain (P <0.05), higher in third degree adhesions than second degree ( P <0.05). There was a correlation between IL-6 levels of peritoneal fluid with EFI score (P <0.05) with a negative pattern of moderate strength analysis results (r = -0.448).Keywords: Endometriosis, Interleukin-6, Degree of Pain, Degree of Adhesion, Endometriosis Fertility Index Score

The Socio-historical Factor Behind Change in Meaning: The Case of Old French

This article is about studying an essential factor in the change of direction. The analysis of the semantic evolution of words in usage makes it possible to compare the meanings of words between different periods in the history of the language. The comparison is made here prospectively, thus going back to the etymological meanings and to the first meanings found in Old French. This shows that the words adapt to the social, historical and cultural situation as well as the expressive needs of its users. Beyond the comparison which puts the etymon and the word in parallel in the context of the 12th century with a feudal society governed by chivalrous values, we notice these semantic changes imbued with the history and the lived experience of the speakers. Words have acquired new meanings from the change of context and to meet the demands of a new context. The history of French therefore teaches us that language is a system subject to change. The evolution of language brings about the evolution of the meaning of words. These changes in meaning take place for different reasons which involve the speaker and which are correlated with context and socio-historical events. Various factors are likely to motivate the passage from one direction to another. The procedures are also varied and always offer surprising results which arouse the curiosity of the researcher. Both should be considered as a whole and analyzed according to usage to judge their relevance. We have learned from this study that the French language, as well as any other language, lives and progresses to meet the need for expression of speakers.

CONSEQUENCES OF INTERMITTENT FASTING FOR NEUROPLASTICITY: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

Neuroplasticity occurs from human development until the end of senility and, despite the dependence on food, the regulation of the diet on neurons and nerve synapses is not restricted to the availability of nutrients. In turn, intermittent fasting, as a dietary strategy, represents not only a modern technique for weight loss, but also an important historical factor for the occurrence of persistent organic adaptations. Based on this interrelation, evidence was collected from databases that associated, positively or negatively, neuroplasticity with intermittent fasting in humans. From the review of the selected articles, the various ways in which intermittent fasting affects neuroplasticity, influencing energy metabolism, triggering signaling pathways, modulating components of the immune system and altering cellular components were identified. All of these changes create a favorable environment for the emergence and maintenance of neurons, as well as for the formation of new nerve synapses.

THE AESTHETIC RECEPTION OF THE QURAN IN INSTAGRAM: Variations, Factors, and Religious Commodification

This research discusses the aesthetic reception of the Quran in Instagram including various forms, appearance factors and commodification. This research is included in the qualitative study using Ahmad Rafiq’s reception theory. Using descriptive-analytical method, the study found variations of the Quran’s aesthetic reception in Instagram which are in the form of verse continuation and the Quran recitation. The background factors of the Quran’s aesthetic reception in Instagram include normative factors the Quran’s verses showing kindness to those who teach and practice it; historical factor i.e. the past reality related to the Quran’s aesthetic reception done by the Arab community; and social factors showing high passion of self-expression in preaching. Instagram as a social media has modified the Quran’s aesthetic reception with several available facilities and featuresthat enables its users to express themselves concerning the identity of religious piety and economic commodities through several contents related to the Quran.

COSMOPOLITANISM AND PATRIOTISM IN EARLY HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY: SOCIO-HISTORICAL FACTOR

It is established that in Early Hellenistic philosophy the opposition between two tendencies – Patriotic and cosmopolitan increased. Patriotic values have retained their influence. The exponents of Patriotic ideas were Aristotle, Xenocrates, Anniceris, Menedemus, and partially the early stoics. At the same time, the positions of cosmopolitanism, which was represented in the philosophy of the cynics, the early Stoics, and Theodorus, also strengthened. It is also established that the formation of Hellenistic monarchies influenced the development of both tendencies. The rapprochement of the Greeks with the peoples of the East con-tributed to the spread of cosmopolitan ideas. And the Foundation of Greek cities in the Hellenistic States contributed to the preservation of Polis values, one of which was patriotism.

Nasionalisme Papua Dalam Organisasi Aliansi Mahasiswa Papua (Studi Kasus : Aliansi Mahasiswa Papua Komite Kota Yogyakarta)

The Papuan Student Alliance (AMP) is a Papuan student organization that voices problems in Papua, especially politics. AMP has goals for Papuan independence which are contained in the organization's vision and platform. AMP itself is divided into seven committees in various cities, one of which is the Yogyakarta City Committee. The results of this study conclude that the Papuan nationalism that has developed within the Yogyakarta KK AMP is due to several reasons, among others; 1) Indonesia is considered a failure in carrying out nation-building in Papua; 2) Experience of violence experienced by the Papuan people; 3) The basic needs of the Papuan people are not fulfilled. Apart from the historical factor of Papua which has a strong connection with Papuan nationalism, the failure of nation-building by Indonesia in Papua is also a factor that makes Papuan nationalism continue to develop in the Yogyakarta KK AMP. In the construction of Papuan nationalism, the Yogyakarta KK AMP builds a shared identity through shared psychology regarding the oppression experienced by the Papuan people so far. The joint history that was formed by the AMP KK Yogyakarta is about Papua which has made efforts to become independent and then this independence was annexed by Indonesia. For the AMP KK Yogyakarta, the Papuan people have experienced violence (memoria passionis), land grabbing, exploitation of natural resources, discrimination, marginalization, and the crisis of freedom. Therefore, the common goal of AMP KK Yogyakata is Papuan independence as an initial stage towards a better Papua.

THE BEGINNING OF THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

In article on the basis of careful analysis of the scientific literature devoted to history of the translations in Spain in XII–XIII centuries, the place of the Toledo school in the formation of the Renaissance process in Europe is revealed. In addition, the historical significance of this school in the translation and study of the works of scholars of the medieval Muslim East is assessed. As a result of the analysis of political, social and cultural processes that took place in the VIIΙ-ΧΙΙ centuries on the Iberian Peninsula, the historical factors that influenced the formation of the Toledo school are established, and it is also proved that the period of mutual synthesis of East and West cultures was the main historical factor in the formation of the school. The scientific and methodological foundations of views on the stages of the Toledo school’s activity, the staff, tasks, as well as translators and scientists who worked at the school are revealed. based on this, it is proved that the Toledo school is the logical beginning of the Renaissance of the West. KEYWORDS: Toledo school, Renaissance, Spain, Europe, Muslim East, Middle Ages, Arab, Castilian, Latin, translations, translators.