The Buryat Intellectual Migration to Western Europe from the Perspective of Friendship Connections and Foreign Languages Competencies

The article examines the Russian ethnic migration on the example of Buryat migrants in Western Europe. It is noted that this topic is poorly studied and that the group under investigation belongs to intellectual migration. The subject of the study is foreign language competence, peculiarities of the functioning of foreign languages in post-migration life, as well as the relationship between languages and the social communication circle of Buryat migrants. Based on the materials of interviews and ethnographic observations, a conclusion is made about the change in the nature of modern migration towards increased mobility and transmigration, the blurring of the boundaries between temporary, circular and other types of migration. This primarily affects young people, leading to the weakening of group identification strategies, including ethnic ones, and to the strengthening of individual as well as cosmopolitan tendencies. In communication with friends and partners a wide repertoire of Western and Eastern foreign languages is used, among which English certainly dominates. Multilingual linguistic competencies by Buryat migrants are closely related to their high level of education and are used as a symbolic resource to achieve professional and personal goals. Language strategies and practices vary widely, depending on migrants life plans, family status, and a number of other external and internal factors.

The Influence of the Region after Ethnic Migration on Residential Buildings — Taking the Migration Activity of "Braving the Journey to Northeast" as an Example

There have been many ethnic migration activities in Chinese history. In the meantime, the architectural thinking of the tribes who traveled to the place of arrival has a process of transformation, and this process also reflects the influence of the region on the choice of architectural form. This article will examine the development process of residential buildings, and by comparing the similarities and differences of residential buildings in the place of departure and arrival of the migrating ethnic group, it will study the catalytic effect of the region on the evolution of the residential building form of the migrating ethnic group.

ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «ETHNIC MIGRATION IN CENTRAL SIBERIA IN THE XX-XXI CENTURIES: EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS»

In the city of Krasnoyarsk on November 26-28, 2020, the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference «Ethnic Migration in Central Siberia in the XX-XXI Centuries: Experience and Prospects» was held, in which more than 250 participants (together with Internet users) from different regions and foreign countries. Among the participants are representatives of the scientific and expert community, government bodies and national and cultural associations. During the discussions, the most acute issue was the need for the prompt adoption of laws in the field of socio-cultural adaptation and integration of foreign citizens of the Russian Federation.

From Guild Artisans to Entrepreneurs: The Long Path of Italian Marble Mosaic and Terrazzo Craftsmen (16th c. Venice – 20th c. New York City)

Marble mosaic and terrazzo were a very common type of stone paving in Venice, Italy, especially between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Throughout the period, migrant craftsmen from the nearby Alpine foothills area of Friuli (in northeastern Italy) virtually monopolized the Venetian marble mosaic and terrazzo trade. Thus, on February 9, 1583, the Venetian Council of Ten granted maestro (master) Sgualdo Sabadin from Friuli and his fellow Friulian workers of the arte dei terazzeri (art of terrazzo) the capacity to establish a school guild dedicated to St. Florian. The first chapters of the Mariegola de’ Terazzeri (Statutes of the Terrazzo Workers Guild), which set the rules for the guild of terrazzo workers, was completed three years later, in September 1586.From the 1830s onward, Friulian craftsmen began to export their skills and trade from Venice across Europe and later, at the turn of the twentieth century, overseas to several American cities. Prior to reaching America, mosaic and terrazzo workers left from their work places outside Italy, initially from Paris. Friulian mosaic and terrazzo workers were regarded as the “aristocracy” of the Italian American building workforce due to their highly specialized jobs: This contrasted with the bulk of Italians in the United States who were largely employed as unskilled. The New York marble mosaic- and terrazzo-paving trade was completely in the hands of the Italian craftsmen, who demonstrated a strong tendency to become entrepreneurs. They made use of their craftsmanship comparative advantages to build a successful network of firms that dominated the domestic market, in a similar fashion to what had already been occurring in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and other European countries.This paper argues that immigrants can be powerful conduits for the transfer of skills and knowledge, and emphasizes the importance of studying skilled migrant artisan experiences. A closer look at ethnic migration flows reveals a variety of entrepreneurial experiences, even in groups largely considered unskilled. The Italian marble mosaic and terrazzo workers’ experience sheds new light on ethnic entrepreneurship catering for the community as a whole, it reveals a remarkable long-lasting craftsmanship experience, thus demonstrating the successful continuity in business ownership and the passing down of craftsmanship knowledge across family generations. Creativity skills and innovative productive methods adopted by firms appear as a key factor that allowed these artisans to control the trade for such a long time.

SEJARAH MIGRASI DAN EKSISTENSI MIGRAN ETNIS BUGIS DI PERANTAUAN

This study aims to analyze the history of migration and the existence of ethnic Bugis in Jambi Province. The results showed that: the history of Bugis ethnic migration to the Jambi region was a long history since the period after Indonesia became independent. The political and security turmoil after Indonesian independence encouraged Bugis ethnic to migrate to areas they considered safe and there were networks of Bugis ethnic communities in the region. The ecological adaptation process is carried out by ethnic Bugis because of differences in environmental conditions faced by environmental conditions in the area of origin. Bugis ethnics carry out a process of ecological adaptation that is different from the origin area with the aim of supporting efforts to develop livelihood systems overseas. The livelihood systems developed by Bugis ethnicity are related to intra-social fabric links and between ethnic Bugis communities that are overseas. Social capital in the lives of ethnic Bugis overseas makes it easier for them to develop a livelihood system, supports the process of adaptation to new environments overseas and is even able to encourage a number of individuals to own assets and control the overseas economy. The social capital involved also engages close social relations with other ethnic groups in overseas locations such as the ethnic Malays and ethnic Duano who are indigenous people in the Kuala Jambi region as well as other ethnic migrants who also migrate to the region.

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES AMONG PALA’O PEOPLE IN BANGGI ISLAND

This paper is based on a preliminary study of the survival of Pala’o ethnic group living in Banggi Island located in the northern part of Sabah, Malaysia. Banggi Island is inhabited by various ethnic groups and dominated by Bajau Ubian, Dusun Bonggi, Suluk, Kegayan, Bajau Sama’ and Molbog ethnic groups. Today, Banggi Island is also inhabited by the ethnic of Pala’o, also known as Bajau Laut or sea gypsies, and Palauh/Sama Dilaut, which originate in the Semporna waters of the Sulu and Celebes Sea. Based on the qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, the Sea Gypsies off the coast of Karakit town, Banggi Island was found to be able to adapt to changes in the environment and adapt it to their suitability. The need to continue living is seen as an essential part of this ethnic 'migration'. The study found that for survival, the Pala'o tribe in the context of this study adopted four survival strategies namely sea migration to land, physical strategy, social strategy and economic strategy. However, the fate of Pala'o's ethnic group remained largely unchanged. They are still subject to poverty and they have always been, and still remain, ethnic 'without citizenship'. The success of a survival strategy is seen to be closely related to the economic sector and the work it does, knowledge, skills and education but it does not apply to this Pala'o tribe. Their lives are still being faced by the hardships of the poor but their insistence on life has given them a chance to continue living even though their lives on the land are different from their life's experiences in the great sea.

Governance of Cross-Border Migration in Asia

An inter-ethnic migration issue has arisen due to contradictory tendencies. The relevance of the topic lies in the study and analysis of tendencies in terms of the movement of the workforce in Southeast Asia. In several Asian countries where there is a labour surplus, the migration has become one of the largest sources of income. This study examines the basic tendencies of the labour movement in the countries of Southeast Asia. The statistical data as regards the number of labour migrations for 2015–2017 have been analysed; alongside the drivers of labour migration have been identified. The main reasons for the migration are labour productivity, differences in revenues, rapidly growing number of young workers, the ageing population in other countries, reduced transport and communication costs in East and Southeast Asia. All these indicators undoubtedly have made a significant contribution to the development of migration processes. There are signs, which continually demonstrate that dependence on foreign labour has become a specific feature of some of the rich countries in the East and Southeast Asia.

The main trends of work with the Kazakh diaspora abroad

The work of the state with diasporas today is one of the trends in the development of foreign policy and international cooperation. Increasing potential in the form of foreign diasporas outside their borders is increasingly viewed by states as an important foreign policy and economic resource. The authors of the article consider the legislative, institutional and organizational aspects of the diaspora policy of Kazakhstan in order to identify the possibilities and degree of activity of state policy in the field of ethnic migration, repatriation of compatriots and the potential of Kazakh diasporas in the development of economic, socio-cultural relations between countries.