Regional Impact on Technological Change: The Evolution and Development of the Twin-Wire Paper Machine from 1950 to 1988

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1503-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ofori-Amoah
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Machine ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Consumer Tastes ◽  
The Impact

In this paper the impact of regions on the evolution and development of technology is examined via a new paper-making technology (the twin-wire machine) as a case study. In particular, differences in raw material and physical environmental conditions, consumer tastes and preferences, and industrial organization and corporate strategies between the two regions, North America and Europe, provided different demand and supply conditions for the development of the twin-wire technology. These conditions initially influenced the development of different twin-wire trajectories in North America and Europe. Later on, these trajectories began to converge as the supply and demand conditions, which had established them, began to change.

scholarly journals Is there an imbalance in the supply and demand for universal accessibility knowledge? Twenty years of UAIS papers viewed through the lens of WCAG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Eika Sandnes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Universal Accessibility ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Research Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPurpose: Some universal accessibility practitioners have voiced that they experience a mismatch in the research focus and the need for knowledge within specialized problem domains. This study thus set out to identify the balance of research into the main areas of accessibility, the impact of this research, and how the research profile varies over time and across geographical regions. Method: All UAIS papers indexed in Scopus were analysed using bibliometric methods. The WCAG taxonomy of accessibility was used for the analysis, namely perceivable, operable, and understandable. Results: The results confirm the expectation that research into visual impairment has received more attention than papers addressing operable and understandable. Although papers focussing on understandable made up the smallest group, papers in this group attracted more citations. Funded research attracted fewer citations than research without funding. The breakdown of research efforts appears consistent over time and across different geographical regions. Researchers in Europe and North America have been active throughout the last two decades, while Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Middle East became active in during the last five years. There is also seemingly a growing trend of out-of-scope papers. Conclusions: Based on the findings, several recommendations are proposed to the UAIS editorial board.

scholarly journals Method for Quantifying Supply and Demand of Construction Minerals in Urban Regions—A Case Study of Hanoi and Its Hinterland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4358
Author(s):  
Georg Schiller ◽  
Tamara Bimesmeier ◽  
Anh T.V. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Urban Structures

Urbanization is a global trend: Since 2007 more than 50% of the world’s population have been living in urban areas, and rates of urbanization are continuing to rise everywhere. This growth in urbanization has led to an increased demand for natural resources, in particular non-metallic minerals such as stones, sand and clay, which account for one third of the entire flow of materials. Generally, these materials are traded within regional markets. This close geographical link between the demand for building materials in urban areas and the material supply in the hinterland leads to massive interventions in the natural environment and landscape. These urban–rural linkages can be revealed by applying Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to the built environment in order to trace the flows of building materials. The objective of this paper is to present a method for quantifying regional material flows by considering the supply and demand of building materials. This will be applied to the Vietnamese case study area of Hanoi and its hinterland province Hoa Binh. The results indicate a consumption of almost 60% of the construction mineral reserves in total secured by planning in the hinterland province considering a period of 15 years. However, this does not allow for the general conclusion that raw materials are sufficiently available. The sand reservoirs are only sufficient for eight years and clay reserves are used up after four years. This increases the need to exploit further raw material reserves, which are becoming increasingly scarce and results in stronger interventions in nature In order to safeguard the hinterland from the negative impacts of urbanization, a new understanding of resource efficiency is needed—one that acknowledges both resource efficiency in the construction of urban structures and appropriate resource conservation in the provision of the raw materials from the hinterland. This will require the creation of new integrated planning approaches between urban and regional planning authorities. Regional MFA is one way of realising such an approach.

scholarly journals Crime and the Regional Disparities in Tourist Inflows: A Case Study of South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-375
Author(s):  
Busani Moyo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Sexual Crime ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
World Income ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of crime proxied by different indicators on regional tourist inflows to South Africa. The estimations are carried out using the Johansen estimation techniques. Monthly data gathered from March 2003 to April 2011 is employed and the results from the estimations found that total crime has a negative effect on tourists from Africa, North America, Central and Southern America, West and Southern Europe. However, the level of crime in the country appears to have no influence at all to tourist from the Middle East whilst those from Asia are more sensitive to the level of sexual crime. At the different categories of crime investigated, tourists react differently. In line with the findings of the existing literature, the real exchange rate and world income remain to have a significant effect on tourist inflows from most of the regions.

scholarly journals A case study on the impact of severe convective storms on the water vapor mixing ratio in the lower mid-latitude stratosphere observed in 2019 over Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Khordakova ◽  
Christian Rolf ◽  
Jens-Uwe Grooß ◽  
Rolf Müller ◽  
Paul Konopka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North America ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Vapor Injection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Extreme convective events in the troposphere not only have immediate impacts on the surface, they can also influence the dynamics and composition of the lower stratosphere (LS). One major impact is the moistening of the LS by overshooting convection. This effect plays a crucial role in climate feedback as small changes of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) have a large impact on the radiation budget of the atmosphere. In this case study, we investigate water vapor injections into the LS by two consecutive convective events in the European mid-latitudes within the framework of the MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) measurement campaign during the early summer of 2019. Using balloon-borne instruments, rare measurements of the convective water vapor injection into the stratosphere were performed. The magnitude of the water vapor reached up to 12.1 ppmv with an estimated background value of 5 ppmv. Hence it is in the same order of magnitude as earlier reports of water vapor injection by convective overshooting above North America. However the overshooting took place in the extra-tropical stratosphere and has an impact on long-term water vapor mixing ratios in the stratosphere compared to the Monsoon-influenced region in North America. At the altitude of the measured injection, a sharp drop in a local ozone enhancement peak makes the observed composition of air very unique with high ozone up to 696 ppbv and high water vapor up to 12.1 ppmv. While ERA-Interim data does not show any signal of the convective overshoot, the measured values in the LS are underestimated by MLS satellite data and overestimated by ERA5 reanalysis data. Backward trajectories of the measured injected air masses reveal that the moistening of the LS took place several hours before the balloon launch. This is in good agreement with reanalyses and satellite data showing a strong change in the structure of isotherms, and a sudden and short-lived increase in potential vorticity at the altitude of the trajectory, as well as low cloud top brightness temperatures during the overshooting event.

scholarly journals The Impact of an Environmental Way of Customer’s Thinking on a Range of Choice from Transport Routes in Maritime Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1230
Author(s):  
Andrej David ◽  
Peter Mako ◽  
Jan Lizbetin ◽  
Patrik Bohm
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
General Description ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Container Transport ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with the impact that an environmental way of thinking has on shipping and transport company customers regarding their preferences in choosing a transport route. Nowadays, maritime transport plays a very important role mainly in transoceanic container transport. It also deals with the statistics focused on container shipping, especially between North America and Europe. These statistics contribute to a general description of the development of container shipping on the route that is applicated in this case study. The significant impact of this kind of transport also reflects the estimation of the future development of container transport on the selected transport route. In this view, the least square method is used in this paper. This method can present the trend of development according to statistics. Thanks to these materials, this paper estimates a slight increase of the number of containers transported between North America and Europe in the near future. This increase will have a certain effect on the environment. Thus, as part of their business policy of sustainability and environment protection, customers will prefer a mode of transport and transport routes featuring a smaller effect on the environment in the future. The relevance of such a change in preferences in planning transport routes for the customer is reflected in the case study presented in this paper. So, one part of this paper is also dedicated to information about the impact of maritime transport on the environment. This part also explains the impact according to different studies that have been published in the last few years. The main contribution of this paper is also to point out the importance of this factor for the preferences of customers via the multi-criteria decision method. Using a multi-criteria decision method, it outlines how the factor of the impact on the environment can significantly change the offer made by a transport or shipping company, and thus how it represents a key element of whether the customer would prefer the given offer or focus on a competitor’s offer.

scholarly journals From Pilot to Scale - A Framework for Development Practitioners for Market Driven Vocational Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 653-674
Author(s):  
Jaime Moll de Alba ◽  
Virpi Stucki
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
System Development ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Skills Acquisition ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact

Partnerships bringing together both the private and the public sector, as well as development actors might play an important role in facilitating the acquisition of skills and thereby support sustainable socio-economic development, notably in the manufacturing sector. The participation of the private sector in such partnerships contributes to enhance the adequacy between skills supply and demand and thereby spurs employability and economic activity. This paper makes use of the case study method to analyse the role of this kind of partnership in skills acquisition in five industrial development projects in Africa. We hypothesize that the Market System Development (MSD) approach offers potential to enhance the impact of skills acquisition partnerships. We conclude by proposing an innovative framework to support policymakers and development practitioners to conceptualise new skills development partnerships through the application of the MSD approach contributing to systemic change and long-term sustainability.

scholarly journals Cogeneration Plant on Biomass - Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Enescu ◽  
E. Diaconu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe concept of cogeneration defines the simultaneous production with the same installation of electric and thermal energy (in the form of hot water or steam). High-efficiency cogeneration implies that cogeneration production should ensure primary energy savings of at least 10% compared to the reference values of separate production of electricity and heat. This paper presents the process of functioning of a cogeneration plant, operating in the Suceava county, Romania, referring to the actual values regarding the consumption and the proportions of the raw material on the one hand and the energy produced on the other. It also describes the entire production process as well as the impact on the environment, the social and economic aspects of the implementation of such a project.

scholarly journals Measurement of spatial equity : a case study of nursing institution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Sui ◽  
◽  
Yifan Yu ◽  
Liu Huhui ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Spatial Equity ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Local Moran ◽  
The Impact

Equity and justice have always been important norms in the field of urban planning. With the gradual deepening of understanding of residential environment, the research context of equity and justice related to location is becoming more and more sophisticated. Recently, varieties of subjects Including Public Health and Geography focus on the inequity of public resources in spatial distribution and how to measure the degree of this gap. In general, the mainstream measurement methods can be summarized into two categories: (1) The description of phenomenon caused by the spatial inequities, and accessibility is a typical method of this type. (2) the direct quantification of inequity, such as Gink Coefficient which is originated from the economics field and introduced into the measurement of health equity, and Getis-Ord General G, together with Moran’ index is the most commonly method used into the general spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, based on the overall literature review of the concept of equity in the study using these methods and a summary of their specific context of the measurement using, nursing institution in Shanghai, China are regarded as a typical case to practice these methods and compare the differences in using. Meantime, the impact of the politics and planning related to this special facility is also been considered. Results show that, accessibility of nursing institution among elderly groups is much different under different research distance, and the overall trend seems like the research units in suburb appears higher accessibility than those in highly urbanized area. And Gink Coefficient helps us determine the proportion of the elderly population in different reachable areas in Shanghai is within a reasonable range. However, Global Moran’ index provide reliable evidence that the existence of the aggregation combined by the high-value units. It indicates that there are inequities among the distribution of aged-nursing resources, and Local Moran I （LISA）help us to find the specific boundaries of these areas. In general, in the study of the equity related to location, accessibility can only reflect the differences phenomenon in distribution, but it is not clear to describe this gap to what extent, and it’s difficult to achieve the possibility of comparison among different periods and different subjects. The Gini coefficient often focuses on the unfairness of the distribution of people, but ignored the aggregation characteristics of the spatial dimension, which the analysis of spatial autocorrelation can make up. All these methods proved that it’s necessary to consider both the spatial distribution of supply and demand. And the discussion about equity related to location should be strictly qualified in study.

scholarly journals Modeling and Analyzing Taxi Congestion Premium in Congested Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changwei Yuan ◽  
Dayong Wu ◽  
Dali Wei ◽  
Hongchao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Price Equilibrium ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Traffic congestion is a significant problem in many major cities. Getting stuck in traffic, the mileage per unit time that a taxicab travels will decline significantly. Congestion premium (or so-called low-speed fare) has become an increasingly important income source for taxi drivers. However, the impact of congestion premium on the taxicab market is not widely understood yet. In particular, modeling and analyzing of the taxi fare structure with congestion premium are extremely limited. In this paper, we developed a taxi price equilibrium model, in which the adjustment mechanism of congestion premium on optimizing the taxi driver’s income, balancing the supply and demand, and eventually improving the level of service in the whole taxicab market was investigated. In the final part, we provided a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model. The results indicated that the current taxi fare scheme in Beijing is suboptimal, since the gain from the raise of congestion premium cannot compensate for the loss from the demand reduction. Conversely, the optimal fare scheme suggested by our model can effectively reduce the excessive demand and reach the supply-demand equilibrium, while keeping the stability of the driver’s income to the maximum extent.

scholarly journals Simulating the impact of landscape-level biodiversity guidelines: A case study

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Andison ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Pass System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Landscape Level

British Columbia, along with most of the rest of North America, is becoming preoccupied with emulating natural landscape patterns under the auspices of ecosystem management. With their Biodiversity Guidebook, BC developed one of the first collections of rules for landscape management purposes. The landscape-level rules developed therein are representative of those being developed in other areas of North America. This research compared, in simulation, a range of patterns created by these guidelines for a landscape in central BC, against those created from the historical 60 hectare two-pass system, and a "natural" disturbance regime. Results indicate that the biodiversity guidelines created more natural levels of patch sizes, interior forest area, and seral stage percentages compared to the two-pass system. However, the guidelines failed to create more natural rates of disturbance, or ranges of patch sizes and interior areas in old and mature forest. Furthermore, the implied degree of naturalness of the low, medium, and high biodiversity options did not necessarily hold true. The simulation results presented in this paper show that the concept of mimicry involves much more than originally had been supposed, and that there are limits to the degree to which mimicry can be used as a landscape management paradigm with our current knowledge and ability. A strategy for working towards a natural landscape pattern program for forest management is discussed. Key words: landscape level, biodiversity, simulation, disturbance

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