scholarly journals Review: The Fragmented State: The Political Geography of Power, Power and Crisis in the City: Corporations, Unions and Urban Policy, Comparative Public Policy: The Politics of Social Choice in Europe and America, across the Border: Rural Development in Mexico and Recent Migration to the United States, US Immigration and Refugee Policy: Global and Domestic Issues, Butterworths European Series. Political Forces in Spain, Greece and Portugal, La Décentralisation Urbaine en Suisse, European Regional Incentives: 1982. A Survey in Regional Incentives in the Countries of the European Community. Portugal, Spain and Sweden, the European Community Transport Policy: Towards a Common Transport Policy, Financing the 1980 Election

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370
Author(s):  
R J Bennett ◽  
R J Bennett ◽  
H Wolman ◽  
T J Espenshade ◽  
T J Espenshade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
European Community ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The City ◽  
European Regional ◽  
Regional Incentives

The City of Mosul in the works of geographers (4-7 AH / 10-13 AD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 24-46
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
The City ◽  
Climatic Features

The Iraqi city of Mosul occupied a clear geographical and historical importance for a large number of geographers and historians due to its geographical and historical importance, and because of the important historical events that its lands witnessed that changed the political map of several countries Geographers were interested in studying the geography of Mosul, and most of them made it within the geography of the Euphrates island, and this, of course, is due to the nature of the ruling political forces at that time, especially mentioning in successive Islamic eras, as well as the administrative subordination of the ruling Islamic states or emirates at that time. The research addressed the views of an important number of geographers about the city of Mosul, especially those who lived through the Abbasid era and its various stages, in terms of name and location, and the most important geographical and climatic features of this city, as well as the nature of its inhabitants, their buildings, and the nature of their land, and referred to the goods and imports that it was famous for. Naturalization made it self-sufficient, as well as the most important villages and cities near it, which are within its borders. Key words: City, Palm, Basra, Institutions, Country.

scholarly journals Maritime unions and the U.S. merchant marine

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Richard L Clarke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Union Wage ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
The U.S

U.S. maritime unions have played a vital historical role in both the defense and the economic development of the United States. The economic and the political forces that helped shape and promote the growth of U.S. seafaring labor unions changed dramatically in the 1990s. Maritime union membership in the United States has fallen by more than 80 per cent since 1950. Inflexible union work rules and high union wage scales have contributed to this decline. Recent regulatory and industry changes require a new union approach if U. S. maritime unions are to survive the next decade.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of the Budget Surplus in the United States

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Alesina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
The Political ◽  
Budget Balance ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
The U.S

Current surpluses in the U.S. have been achieved by a combination of a strong economy, low interest rates, and sharp cuts in defense spending. These surpluses follow a period (the 1980s) of rather exceptional budget deficit. This paper investigates the origin, size, and expected future patterns of the U.S. budget balance. It discusses how different political forces may generate alternative fiscal scenarios for the U.S. in the next decade.

Bosses of the City Unite! Labor Politics and Political Machine Consolidation, 1870–1910

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Ansell ◽  
Arthur L. Burris
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Politics ◽  
Political Machine ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The City ◽  
Western Democracies

In the late nineteenth century – an age when the phrase “all politics is local” contained even greater truth than it does today – the distinctive institution of urban public life was the political machine. In assessing the machine's importance, some scholars have emphasized the machine's role in integrating newly arrived immigrants into the American political system, its provision of basic material goods to the impoverished, its promotion of upward mobility of immigrants, and its coordination of a socially and politically fragmented city. Other scholars have focused on the long-range effect of the political machine on American politics and policy, arguing that the cross-class coalitions built by machine politicians muted the development of a politicized working class in the United States. Some extend this causal chain, arguing that the lack of a stronger class-based politics produced in turn the relative weakness of the American welfare state compared to other Western democracies.

Race, Politics, and the Affordable Care Act

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila Michener
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Race Politics ◽  
Critical Tension ◽  
The Affordable Care Act ◽  
Do So

Abstract The political processes surrounding the Affordable Care Act (ACA) offer valuable lessons about race and politics in the United States. In particular, the ACA underscores a critical tension between politics and policy in a racialized polity: even when policies are intended to target and address racial disparities, politics can undermine the steps necessary to do so. Close scrutiny of the ACA during its first decade reveals how race intersects with politics to render public policy less equitable and more vulnerable to erosion. Ultimately, this analysis points to the ways that racialized political processes are formidable barriers to equitable material outcomes. By examining such processes and making them visible, this article elucidates the possibilities, limits, and contours of public policy as a mechanism for achieving racial justice.

Bringing the Bosses Back in: The Irish Political Machines and Urban Policy Making

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Erie
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
Political Machine

Recently historians have ventured a multifaceted critique of boss rule, suggesting that the very existence of the political machine has been exaggerated, that machines did not materially affect patterns of political mobilization, had only a limited role in the making of public policy, and (contrary to pluralist theory) did little to improve the welfare of the ethnic working class. For these revisionists the boss was really a bit player in the era when he allegedly held center stage. As Terrence McDonald argued the case in the last installment of this annual, “ethnicity, patronage, and the machine” represent unduly narrow ways of viewing urban political development. According to Jon Teaford and David Thelan, urban political history needs to replace the party boss and his ethnic clientele with interest groups—business, labor, taxpayers, and consumers of municipal services—and their impact on local policies concerning economic development, taxation, and service delivery. In their view, the study of public policy making must take precedence over the allocation of party patronage.

The Politics of Demobilized Soldiers from Liberation to Cultural Revolution

1980 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 181-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Group ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Demobilized Soldiers ◽  
The Right

Demobilized soldiers have been widely regarded, by political analysts and politicians alike, as a distinctive political group of considerable importance. Politicians in a number of countries have been acutely aware of the ambiguous potential of ex-soldiers and have striven to mobilize them under their own colours. In several western countries, notably the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, veterans' organizations have often been a powerful bulwark of conservatism, advocating the virile values of patriotism, sanctifying the status quo and supporting the political forces of the right. During the Vietnam War, on the other hand, the anti-war movement in the United States realized the political potential of Vietnam veterans and effectively mobilized a section of them in opposition to official war policy.

scholarly journals The Moving Centre: Preferences for Government Activity in Britain, 1950–2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bartle ◽  
Sebastian Dellepiane-Avellaneda ◽  
James Stimson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Election ◽  
The Political ◽  
Party Strategies ◽  
Over Time

The political ‘centre’ is often discussed in debates about public policy and analyses of party strategies and election outcomes. Yet, to date, there has been little effort to estimate the political centre outside the United States. This article outlines a method of estimating the political centre using public opinion data collected for the period between 1950 and 2005. It is demonstrated that it is possible to measure the centre in Britain, that it moves over time, that it shifts in response to government activity and, furthermore, that it has an observable association with general election outcomes.

scholarly journals Ukrainian-Georgian Relations at the present Stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
E. I. Zyabkina
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Post Soviet Space

After the collapse of the USSR Ukraine and Georgia began to develop their interstate relations actively. This development was facilitated by the political processes in each of the states, as well as the foreign policy pursued by Kiev and Tbilisi. Initially, countries focused on expanding interaction with Western countries, which were considered to be potential partners. Ukraine and Georgia were eager to develop the relations with the EU and NATO. In turn, European countries and the United States paid increased attention to Ukraine and Georgia.The alignment of forces in each of the states contributed to the rapprochement of Kiev and Tbilisi. The political forces of both countries pursued a course of distancing from Russia and rapprochement with Western countries. As a result, Ukrainian-Georgian relations relied on similar political positions, which allowed countries to expand cooperation on a bilateral basis and within the framework of multilateral cooperation mechanisms.In recent years Ukrainian-Georgian relations have been developing dynamically. Two states are pursuing a policy of joining NATO, expanding cooperation with the EU. Ukraine is interested in deepening cooperation with Tbilisi due to strained relations with Russia. In addition, Ukraine seeks to use the Western sanctions policy towards Russia to solve domestic political and socio-economic problems. Whereas, Western countries are interested in strengthening the Ukrainian-Georgian tandem hoping to use it in promotion of their interests in the post-Soviet space and in implementing policies towards Russia.This article explores the prospects for the development of interstate Ukrainian-Georgian relations, which will reflect the political processes in the post-Soviet countries.

Movement Means Changing Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-205
Author(s):  
Deva R. Woodly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Opinion Change ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 5 reports on the political impacts of the movement thus far, including the way it has reshaped public discourse and political meanings, transformed public opinion, and influenced public policy. This chapter contains extensive empirical data, including records of public opinion change over time, maps of where progressive prosecutors have been elected across the United States, lists of policies aimed at “defunding the police” or what abolitionist call nonreformist reforms, which emphasize divesting from police and prisons and investing in social support, policies that are under consideration or have been adopted by state and municipal legislatures.

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