The Relative Contribution of Contact and Target Lines in the Magnitude of the Poggendorff Effect

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Greene
Keyword(s):  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Poggendorff Effect ◽  
Projection Error

It is well known that a set of parallel lines can cause misperception of the projected path of an oblique. Most studies of this effect have emphasized either the proximal or the distal stimulus components—the line with which the oblique makes contact, or the line that serves as the target of the projection. An experiment is reported in which the relative contribution of the contact and target lines was examined. The results indicate that rotation of either line can determine the magnitude of the projection error.

Angular Induction as a Function of Contact and Target Orientation

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Greene ◽  
George Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Angular Size ◽  
Target Orientation ◽  
Underlying Process ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Projection Bias ◽  
Poggendorff Effect ◽  
Induction Line

The Poggendorff effect is seen as misalignment of two obliques, or misprojection of one, when the obliques are placed outside a set of parallel lines. To understand better the mechanisms behind this effect, the orientation of the lines which are normally parallel was systematically manipulated. The results indicate that projection bias is affected by the orientation of either line, is at a minimum where the line is orthogonal to the oblique, and is maximal at small angles. This is in line with classic theories which attribute the illusion to misperception of angular size. However, such explanations presuppose that in order to be effective the induction line must be proximal to the oblique so that an angle can be formed. Results are reported which show that the angle formed by the oblique and a line placed at a distance from the oblique, serving as the target of the projection, follows an angular rule of effectiveness similar to what is seen when the line is placed directly in contact with the oblique. The underlying process is described as ‘angular induction’.

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

Parallel Lines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Lines

Thoracic duct lymph. Relative contribution from splanchnic and muscle tissue

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 720-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Steil ◽  
M. A. Meador ◽  
R. N. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Duct Lymph

Infant-Directed Speech Effects in Adult Artificial Grammar Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Sára Lukics ◽  
Ágnes Lukács
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Learning Rates

First language acquisition is facilitated by several characteristics of infant-directed speech, but we know little about their relative contribution to learning different aspects of language. We investigated infant-directed speech effects on the acquisition of a linear artificial grammar in two experiments. We examined the effect of incremental presentation of strings (starting small) and prosody (comparing monotonous, arbitrary and phrase prosody). Presenting shorter strings before longer ones led to higher learning rates compared to random presentation. Prosody marking phrases had a similar effect, yet, prosody without marking syntactic units did not facilitate learning. These studies were the first to test the starting small effect with a linear artificial grammar, and also the first to investigate the combined effect of starting small and prosody. Our results suggest that starting small and prosody facilitate the extraction of regularities from artificial linguistic stimuli, indicating they may play an important role in natural language acquisition.

Ecological and hygienic assessment pollution of surface and groundwater in Transural Region Republic of Bashkortostan

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Z.B. Baktybaeva ◽  
R.A. Suleymanov ◽  
T.K. Valeev ◽  
N.R. Rakhmatullin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

Carried out ecological and hygienic assessment of pollution of surface and groundwater of mining areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Revealed exceeding standards for fishery water bodies and drinking and cultural and community water use, which indicates the potential danger of surface water for the health of the region's population. The greatest relative contribution to the overall pollution of surface water bodies are making manganese (33,0–66,6 %), iron (9,1–15,6 %), calcium (6,5–11,7 %), lead (5,8– 7,2 %). The quality of water used for drinking purposes from decentralized water sources (boreholes, wells, springs), do not always correspond to the hygienic and sanitary-epidemiological requirements. In this case, the highest priority performance of drinking water contamination are increased stiffness, high content of iron, calcium, nitrate, presence cadmium, and hexavalent chromium.

Life in Glacial and Alpine Rivers in Central Iceland in Relation to Physical and Chemical Parameters

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gísli Már Gíslason ◽  
Jón S. Ólafsson ◽  
Hákon Adalsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Glacial Meltwater ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Glacial River ◽  
Alpine Rivers ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The characteristics of stream and river ecosystems in arctic and alpine areas are determined mainly by the relative contribution of glacial meltwater, snowmelt, rainfall and groundwater. Each source generates a particular seasonal hydrological signature, affecting physical and chemical properties, and hence biological communities. The relative contribution of each source is sensitive to climate change. The study was concentrated on the glacial River W-Jökulsá and some non-glacial rivers in the central highlands of Iceland. The water in the glacial river was entirely glacial meltwater at the glacier margin, but the glacial contribution was about 20% 40 km downstream. However, its tributaries and non-glacial reference rivers were mainly springfed. The invertebrate fauna was confined to Chironomidae of the genus Diamesa close to the glacier, but other taxa (species and groups of species) occupied the river further downstream, where their diversity was close to that found in the reference rivers.

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