Spatial Filtering and the Zöllner—Judd Geometrical Illusion: Further Studies

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1397-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Earle ◽  
Stephen J Maskell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Filtering ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Illusory Effect ◽  
Geometrical Illusion ◽  
Geometrical Figure ◽  
Difference Of Gaussians ◽  
Filter Output ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Opposite Contrast

In a geometrical figure in which long vertical lines are each crossed by a series of short oblique lines, an illusory effect is obtained such that the orientations of the long lines are perceived as nonvertical and shifted away from the orientation of the oblique lines (the Zöllner illusion). In addition, the vertical separation between the crossing (oblique) lines is perceived as less than that if the crossing lines are horizontal (the Judd illusion). It has previously been shown that these two effects are closely related, and a single-process account has been proposed in which both effects are explained by a computational model involving band-pass spatial filtering of the figure by means of difference-of-Gaussians (DOG) filters. Two arguments are presented against the latter account. First, in an opposite-contrast-polarity figure with, for example, white vertical lines and black crossing lines on a mid-grey background, the peaks in the DOG filter output are such as to predict the reversal of the Zöllner—Judd effects. It is shown by demonstration that this prediction is disconfirmed, and that the normal effects are obtained. Second, it is shown that the normal Zöllner—Judd effects are obtained in the absence of the long vertical lines, and in the presence of anomalous contours. The latter effects are also in contradiction to the band-pass-filtering model. These findings are discussed in relation to a dual-process account of the Zöllner—Judd effects.

scholarly journals Glass Patterns: Some Contrast Effects Re-Evaluated

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C Dakin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Filtering ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Visual Grouping ◽  
Relative Contrast ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Opposite Contrast ◽  
Low Pass Filters ◽  
Glass Patterns ◽  
High Pass

The relative contrast of features is known to be important in determining if they can be grouped. Two manipulations of feature contrast have previously been used to criticise models of visual grouping based on spatial filtering: high-pass filtering and reversal of contrast polarity. The effects of these manipulations are considered in the context of the perception of Glass patterns. It is shown that high-pass filtering elements, whilst destroying structure in the output of low-pass filters, do not significantly disrupt the output of locally band-pass filters. The finding that subjects can perceive structure in Glass patterns composed of high-pass features therefore offers no evidence against such spatial filtering mechanisms. Band-pass filtering models are shown to explain the rotation of perceived structure in Glass patterns composed of opposite contrast features. However, structure is correctly perceived in patterns composed of two ‘interleaved’ opposite contrast patterns, which is problematic for oriented filtering mechanisms. Two possible explanations are considered: nonlinear contrast transduction prior to filtering, and integration of local orientation estimates from first-order and second-order mechanisms.

The Orthogonal Orientation Shift and Spatial Filtering

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Morgan ◽  
Andrew Medford ◽  
Philip Newsome
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Filtering ◽  
Line Length ◽  
End Points ◽  
Gray Background ◽  
Short Line ◽  
Apparent Length ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Orthogonal Orientation ◽  
Opposite Contrast

A line abutting two tilted flanks is apparently shifted towards the orientation orthogonal to the flanks and at the same time is reduced in its apparent length. It has been suggested that both effects are caused by band-pass spatial filtering, followed by location of the end points of the line at the peaks in the filtered image. Here implications of the filtering explanation of these effects are explored further. In the first experiment, it was predicted that orientation thresholds (as opposed to biases) would be increased for short line lengths, and would be further increased by abutting bars. The predictions were confirmed. It was shown in experiment 2 that the orientation shift was reduced by a small (4 min arc) gap between target lines and orthogonal flanks. In experiment 3 the threshold elevations and the orientation shift produced by orthogonal and tilted flanks were compared. Last, in experiment 4, the threshold elevations and orientation shift produced by orthogonal and tilted flanks, at different retinal eccentricities varying from 0 to 3.2 deg were compared, and the prediction that the magnitude of the orientation shift would decrease with line length and increase with eccentricity was confirmed. The connection is explored between the orientation shift and the Zöllner illusion, and demonstrations are presented of the Zöllner effect in which target and inducing lines are of opposite contrast on a gray background. It is concluded that the Judd and Zöllner illusions do not depend upon a single mechanism.

Amplitude Distributions of Cochlear Microphonic Response to an Acoustic Sinusoid in Noise

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Donald C. Teas ◽  
Gretchen B. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Cochlear Microphonic ◽  
Filter Output ◽  
Electronic Filter ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Instantaneous Voltage

The distributions of instantaneous voltage amplitudes in the cochlear microphonic response recorded from a small segment along the basilar membrane are described by computing amplitude histograms. Comparisons are made between the distributions for noise and for those after the addition to the noise of successively stronger sinusoids. The amplitudes of the cochlear microphonic response to 5000 Hz low-pass noise are normally distributed in both Turn I and Turn III of the guinea pig’s cochlea. The spectral composition of the microphonic from Turn I and from Turn III resembles the output of band-pass filters set at about 4000 Hz, and about 500 Hz, respectively. The normal distribution of cochlear microphonic amplitudes for noise is systematically altered by increasing the strength of the added sinusoid. A decrease of three percent in the number of small amplitude events (±1 standard deviation) in the cochlear microphonic from Turn III is seen when the rms voltage of a 500 Hz sinusoid is at −18 dB re the rms voltage of the noise (at the earphone). When the rms of the sinusoid and noise are equal, the decrease in small voltages is about 25%, but there is also an increase in the number of large voltage amplitudes. Histograms were also computed for the output of an electronic filter with a pass-band similar to Turn III of the cochlea. Strong 500 Hz sinusoids showed a greater proportion of large amplitudes in the filter output than in CM III . The data are interpreted in terms of an anatomical substrate.

scholarly journals Single- and Dual-Process Models of Biased Contingency Detection

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Vadillo ◽  
Fernando Blanco ◽  
Ion Yarritu ◽  
Helena Matute
Keyword(s):  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Contingency Learning ◽  
Contingency Detection ◽  
Dual Process Models ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Single Process

Abstract. Decades of research in causal and contingency learning show that people’s estimations of the degree of contingency between two events are easily biased by the relative probabilities of those two events. If two events co-occur frequently, then people tend to overestimate the strength of the contingency between them. Traditionally, these biases have been explained in terms of relatively simple single-process models of learning and reasoning. However, more recently some authors have found that these biases do not appear in all dependent variables and have proposed dual-process models to explain these dissociations between variables. In the present paper we review the evidence for dissociations supporting dual-process models and we point out important shortcomings of this literature. Some dissociations seem to be difficult to replicate or poorly generalizable and others can be attributed to methodological artifacts. Overall, we conclude that support for dual-process models of biased contingency detection is scarce and inconclusive.

The Electrophysiological Signature of Remember–Know Is Confounded with Memory Strength and Cannot Be Interpreted as Evidence for Dual-process Theory of Recognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Brezis ◽  
Zohar Z. Bronfman ◽  
Galit Yovel ◽  
Yonatan Goshen-Gottstein
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Positive Component ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Electrophysiological Signal ◽  
Open Question ◽  
With Memory

The quantity and nature of the processes underlying recognition memory remains an open question. A majority of behavioral, neuropsychological, and brain studies have suggested that recognition memory is supported by two dissociable processes: recollection and familiarity. It has been conversely argued, however, that recollection and familiarity map onto a single continuum of mnemonic strength and hence that recognition memory is mediated by a single process. Previous electrophysiological studies found marked dissociations between recollection and familiarity, which have been widely held as corroborating the dual-process account. However, it remains unknown whether a strength interpretation can likewise apply for these findings. Here we describe an ERP study, using a modified remember–know (RK) procedure, which allowed us to control for mnemonic strength. We find that ERPs of high and low mnemonic strength mimicked the electrophysiological distinction between R and K responses, in a lateral positive component (LPC), 500–1000 msec poststimulus onset. Critically, when contrasting strength with RK experience, by comparing weak R to strong K responses, the electrophysiological signal mapped onto strength, not onto subjective RK experience. Invoking the LPC as support for dual-process accounts may, therefore, be amiss.

Propositional Versus Dual-Process Accounts of Evaluative Conditioning

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 858-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Hu ◽  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Robert Balas
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Functional Equivalence ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is defined as the change in the evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) due to its pairing with a valenced unconditioned stimulus (US). Expanding on the debate between dual-process and propositional accounts, two studies investigated the relative effectiveness of counter-conditioning and counter-instructions in reversing EC effects on implicit and explicit evaluations. After conditioned evaluations were acquired via CS-US pairings, participants were either (1) presented with repeated CS-US pairings of the opposite valence or (2) given instructions that the CSs will be paired with USs of the opposite valence. Although both procedures reversed previously conditioned explicit evaluations, only directly experienced CS-US pairings reversed previously conditioned implicit evaluations. The findings question the functional equivalence of counter-conditioning and counter-instructions hypothesized by single-process propositional accounts. Yet, they support dual-process accounts, suggesting that associative and propositional processes jointly contribute to EC effects.

scholarly journals Subliminal influence on preferences? A test of evaluative conditioning for brief visual conditioned stimuli using auditory unconditioned stimuli

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 160935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Heycke ◽  
Frederik Aust ◽  
Christoph Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Theory Versus

In the field of evaluative conditioning (EC), two opposing theories—propositional single-process theory versus dual-process theory—are currently being discussed in the literature. The present set of experiments test a crucial prediction to adjudicate between these two theories: Dual-process theory postulates that evaluative conditioning can occur without awareness of the contingency between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US); in contrast, single-process propositional theory postulates that EC requires CS-US contingency awareness. In a set of three studies, we experimentally manipulate contingency awareness by presenting the CSs very briefly, thereby rendering it unlikely to be processed consciously. We address potential issues with previous studies on EC with subliminal or near-threshold CSs that limited their interpretation. Across two experiments, we consistently found an EC effect for CSs presented for 1000 ms and consistently failed to find an EC effect for briefly presented CSs. In a third pre-registered experiment, we again found evidence for an EC effect with CSs presented for 1000 ms, and we found some indication for an EC effect for CSs presented for 20 ms.

scholarly journals Dynamics of brain activity reveal a unitary recognition signal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph T. Weidemann ◽  
Michael J. Kahana
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Temporal Profiles ◽  
Eeg Features

Dual-process models of recognition memory typically assume that independent familiarity and recollection signals with distinct temporal profiles can each lead to recognition (enabling two routes to recognition), whereas single-process models posit a unitary “memory strength” signal. Using multivariate classifiers trained on spectral EEG features, we quantified neural evidence for recognition decisions as a function of time. Classifiers trained on a small portion of the decision period performed similarly to those also incorporating information from previous time points indicating that neural activity reflects an integrated evidence signal. We propose a single-route account of recognition memory that is compatible with contributions from familiarity and recollection signals, but relies on a unitary evidence signal that integrates all available evidence.

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