Forward Masking of Dynamic Acoustic Intensity: Effects of Intensity Region and End-Level

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7128 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk N Olsen ◽  
Catherine J Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Forward Masking ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Signal Delay ◽  
Acoustic Intensity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Intensity Region

Overestimation of loudness change typically occurs in response to up-ramp auditory stimuli (increasing intensity) relative to down-ramps (decreasing intensity) matched on frequency, duration, and end-level. In the experiment reported, forward masking is used to investigate a sensory component of up-ramp overestimation: persistence of excitation after stimulus presentation. White-noise and synthetic vowel 3.6 s up-ramp and down-ramp maskers were presented over two regions of intensity change (40–60 dB SPL, 60–80 dB SPL). Three participants detected 10 ms 1.5 kHz pure tone signals presented at masker-offset to signal-offset delays of 10, 20, 30, 50, 90, 170 ms. Masking magnitude was significantly greater in response to up-ramps compared with down-ramps for masker-signal delays up to and including 50 ms. When controlling for an end-level recency bias (40–60 dB SPL up-ramp vs 80–60 dB SPL down-ramp), the difference in masking magnitude between up-ramps and down-ramps was not significant at each masker–signal delay. Greater sensory persistence in response to up-ramps is argued to have minimal effect on perceptual overestimation of loudness change when response biases are controlled. An explanation based on sensory adaptation is discussed.

Masker interaction in pure‐tone forward masking

1980 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Widin ◽  
Neal F. Viemeister
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Forward Masking

Are Rising Sounds Always Louder? Influences of Spectral Structure and Intensity-Region on Loudness Sensitivity to Intensity-Change Direction

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ponsot ◽  
Sabine Meunier ◽  
Abbes Kacem ◽  
Jacques Chatron ◽  
Patrick Susini
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Change ◽  
Spectral Structure ◽  
Change Direction ◽  
Intensity Region

scholarly journals A novel stimulus paradigm for simultaneous recording of monaural and binaural frequency following response for identification of binaural interaction component

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srividya Grama Bhagavan ◽  
Mohan Kumar Kalaiah
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Interaction Component

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate whether monaural frequency following response (FFR) of right and left ear and binaural FFR could be obtained in the same recording using a novel stimulus presentation paradigm, for the purpose of identification the BIC. Twenty six young adults participated in the study. The FFR was recorded for 220 Hz pure-tone using a novel stimulus paradigm. The pure-tone was presented sequentially to two ears. Initially, the pure-tone was presented to the right ear, then to both ears, and finally to the left ear. The FFR could be elicited from all participants (all three responses: right ear, left ear, and both ears) in the same recording using the novel stimulus presentation paradigm used in the present study. The novel stimulus presentation paradigm used in the present study could be used for obtaining monaural and binaural FFRs in the same recording for identification of BIC.

Change of Phototropic and Geotropic Signs in Daphnia Induced by Changes of Light Intensity

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Secondary Signs

1. A method is described for studying the responses of Daphnia to changes of light intensity with special attention to the behaviour of the individual and to the avoidance of "shock" effects. The types of apparatus used provide for rigid control of the temperature, for illumination from any direction, and for an adjustable rate of change of the light intensity by means of a chemical rheostat. 2. The great majority of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex were found to be primarily negatively phototropic and positively geotropic. That is, they always exhibited those tropistic signs under constant conditions of illumination. 3. A reduction of the light intensity causes a temporary reversal of the tropism signs. The secondary signs thus produced are positive phototropism and negative geotropism. 4. The presence of both phototropic and geotropic forces is proved by experiments in which illumination is (1) from one side, (2) from beneath, and (3) from two opposing sides or from above and below simultaneously. In these tests and in others in which very slow and very fast rates of dimming are used the phototropic and geotropic forces are resolved, antagonised, and neutralised in succession. The responses of the Daphnia indicate that there are two types of animals which exhibit exactly the same tropisms, but in one type phototropism is the stronger while in the other geotropism is the stronger. 5. In this material it was found that the temporary secondary tropistic signs persisted only a few minutes while the primary signs persisted for hours, although this effect was somewhat less marked in weak light or in darkness. 6. The difference between "time-change" and "place-change" of light in tensity is pointed out. Daphnia is stimulated by both types of change if the rate of change is sufficiently great. 7. That photosensitive animals are stimulated to respond to changes in the intensity of light only and are merely orientated by the direction of the light is shown in the work of previous, investigators as well as in this paper. The rigidity of this mechanism is indicated by experiments in which the light is graded in intensity at right angles to its direction and in which the light is rendered converging and diverging by a lens. 8. Evidence is given for believing that there is no "absolute optimum" light intensity for Daphnia but that a "relative optimum" exists which is the intensity to which the animals are adapted at the moment. 9. The interval between the inception of the reduction of the light intensity and the beginning of swimming movements in response is called the latent period. The faster the rate of dimming, the shorter is the duration of the latent period. A minimum, amount of intensity change is required to produce any response, at any speed, but beyond that the slower the rate of dimming, the greater is the amount of change required and hence the lower is the absolute intensity at which the response takes place. Ordinarily, the response is maximal in respect to both rate and magnitude. 10. Fatigue will interfere with experimentation unless guarded against. 11. Specimens of Daphinia with reversed primary signs gain temporary secondary signs following an increase of light intensity; otherwise they behave like the more usual forms. 12. The possibility that the processes of adaptation in Daphnia may account for the photic responses observed is discussed. Support for this theory is derived from the fact that it is possible to dim the light over a given range at such a slow rate that no response is produced.

Exercise-dependent growth hormone release is linked to markers of heightened central adrenergic outflow

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Weltman ◽  
Cathy J. Pritzlaff ◽  
Laurie Wideman ◽  
Judy Y. Weltman ◽  
Jeffery L. Blumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
The Difference

To test the hypothesis that heightened sympathetic outflow precedes and predicts the magnitude of the growth hormone (GH) response to acute exercise (Ex), we studied 10 men [age 26.1 ± 1.7 (SE) yr] six times in randomly assigned order (control and 5 Ex intensities). During exercise, subjects exercised for 30 min (0900–0930) on each occasion at a single intensity: 25 and 75% of the difference between lactate threshold (LT) and rest (0.25LT, 0.75LT), at LT, and at 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and peak (1.25LT, 1.75LT). Mean values for peak plasma epinephrine (Epi), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and serum GH concentrations were determined [Epi: 328 ± 93 (SE), 513 ± 76, 584 ± 109, 660 ± 72, and 2,614 ± 579 pmol/l; NE: 2.3 ± 0.2, 3.9 ± 0.4, 6.9 ± 1.0, 10.7 ± 1.6, and 23.9 ± 3.9 nmol/l; GH: 3.6 ± 1.5, 6.6 ± 2.0, 7.0 ± 2.0, 10.7 ± 2.4, and 13.7 ± 2.2 μg/l for 0.25, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.75LT, respectively]. In all instances, the time of peak plasma Epi and NE preceded peak GH release. Plasma concentrations of Epi and NE always peaked at 20 min after the onset of Ex, whereas times to peak for GH were 54 ± 6 (SE), 44 ± 5, 38 ± 4, 38 ± 4, and 37 ± 2 min after the onset of Ex for 0.25–1.75LT, respectively. ANOVA revealed that intensity of exercise did not affect the foregoing time delay between peak NE or Epi and peak GH (range 17–24 min), with the exception of 0.25LT ( P < 0.05). Within-subject linear regression analysis disclosed that, with increasing exercise intensity, change in (Δ) GH was proportionate to both ΔNE ( P = 0.002) and ΔEpi ( P = 0.014). Furthermore, within-subject multiple-regression analysis indicated that the significant GH increment associated with an antecedent rise in NE ( P = 0.02) could not be explained by changes in Epi alone ( P = 0.77). Our results suggest that exercise intensity and GH release in the human may be coupled mechanistically by central adrenergic activation.

The effect of pure‐tone forward masking on overshoot

1991 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-230
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Hicks ◽  
Sid P. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Forward Masking

scholarly journals A notched-noise precursor affects both diotic and dichotic notched-noise masking

Acta Acustica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Felix Dymel ◽  
Monika Kordus ◽  
Ifat Yasin ◽  
Jesko L. Verhey
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Forward Masking ◽  
Noise Masking ◽  
Binaural Cues ◽  
Level Difference ◽  
Masking Level Difference ◽  
Medial Olivocochlear

The present study investigates how diotic and dichotic masked thresholds, in a notched-noise masking paradigm, are affected by activation of the Medial OlivoCochlear (MOC) reflex. Thresholds were obtained for a 500-Hz pure tone diotic or a dichotic signal, S (S0 or Sπ respectively), in the presence of a simultaneous or forward diotic masker (bandpass noise with no notch or a 400-Hz notch). A diotic precursor sound (bandpass noise with a 400- or 800-Hz notch) was presented prior to the signal and masker to activate the MOC reflex. For simultaneous- and forward-masking conditions, the decrease in masked thresholds as a notch was introduced in the masker was larger for the diotic than for the dichotic condition. This resulted in a reduced binaural masking level difference (BMLD) for the masker with a notch. The precursor augmented these two effects. The results indicate that the effect of the precursor, eliciting the MOC reflex, is less pronounced when binaural cues are processed.

scholarly journals Pure tone discrimination with cochlear implants and filter-band spread

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Wagner ◽  
Reyhan Altindal ◽  
Stefan K. Plontke ◽  
Torsten Rahne
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Difference Limen ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tone Discrimination

AbstractFor many cochlear implant (CI) users, frequency discrimination is still challenging. We studied the effect of frequency differences relative to the electrode frequency bands on pure tone discrimination. A single-center, prospective, controlled, psychoacoustic exploratory study was conducted in a tertiary university referral center. Thirty-four patients with Cochlear Ltd. and MED-EL CIs and 19 age-matched normal-hearing control subjects were included. Two sinusoidal tones were presented with varying frequency differences. The reference tone frequency was chosen according to the center frequency of basal or apical electrodes. Discrimination abilities were psychophysically measured in a three-interval, two-alternative, forced-choice procedure (3I-2AFC) for various CI electrodes. Hit rates were measured, particularly with respect to discrimination abilities at the corner frequency of the electrode frequency-bands. The mean rate of correct decision concerning pitch difference was about 60% for CI users and about 90% for the normal-hearing control group. In CI users, the difference limen was two semitones, while normal-hearing participants detected the difference of one semitone. No influence of the corner frequency of the CI electrodes was found. In CI users, pure tone discrimination seems to be independent of tone positions relative to the corner frequency of the electrode frequency-band. Differences of 2 semitones can be distinguished within one electrode.

The control of acoustic intensity during jazz and free improvisation performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Thornton Dean ◽  
Freya Anne Bailes
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Acoustic Intensity ◽  
Free Improvisation ◽  
Musical Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acoustic Instruments ◽  
Improvised Music

The paper demonstrates the predominance of a pattern of acoustic intensity change in recorded improvisations in which intensity rises are shorter than falls and in which the rate of intensity change is greater in the rises than in the falls. A wide range of Western improvised music is studied, and the analyses are conducted by measuring intensity in moving windows across each piece. The windows used are 0.04 sec, 0.5 sec, 5 sec and 10 sec, chosen to sample a range of important musical structures such as patterns, phrases and phrase groups. In addition, a comparative analysis using detected rhythmic beats as the window, with slightly variable lengths, is presented. The recurrent pattern is interpreted in terms of a hypothesised Force-Effort-Energy-Loudness-Affect chain, linking performer (or composer) with listeners and with other performers. Partial experimental investigation of this chain in other work has been consistent with the theory in supporting a major role of acoustic intensity in the perception of both musical change and affect. It seems that improvisers share this patterning of acoustic intensity with interpreters of classical music, and composers of electroacoustic music. Thus we suggest that music made without acoustic instruments, that is without the physical intervention of performers providing the energy to activate a sounding instrument, has developed the same pattern because composers recognise its expressive power as a statistical archetype. It remains to be seen whether this statistical feature could have been assimilated from environmental and/or speech sounds.

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