Global versus Local Cues for Route Finding in Virtual Environments

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 155-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Geiger ◽  
S Gillner ◽  
H A Mallot
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Navigation Strategy ◽  
Route Finding ◽  
Conflict Condition ◽  
Direction Information ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Hill

Motivated by the results of Gillner and Mallot (1996 Perception25 Supplement, 93) implying that local views are basic elements for a spatial representation, we studied the role of global versus local landmarks using a route-finding task. Our hypotheses were: (i) A global navigation strategy relying on allocentric movement decisions is used, eg “go from this place towards the chapel on the hill”, or (ii) a local navigation strategy based on view—movement associations is used, eg “at the red building go right”. We performed an experiment in a computer graphics town based on a hexagonal grid structure. At each intersection we placed three different buildings. We also provided global direction information by placing six global landmarks distributed equally along a mountain range. Subjects had to learn the back and forth route between two buildings, not knowing that after a learning phase the location of buildings at a particular junction would be changed. These changes produced conflicting global and local information. In the test-phase, the subject approached individual junctions in both learned and novel directions and the movement decisions were recorded. In a control condition with unchanged places twenty subjects made correct decisions for 136 of 160 movements. In the experimental conflict condition 123 decisions were consistent with a local and 37 with a global strategy. This supports our previous finding that local views play a dominant role in making route judgements. Approaching a junction from a learned direction leads to more accurate movement decisions than approaching it from a novel direction, even if the global landmarks are available, which provides further support for the local-view hypothesis.

Fragility and resilience in the European Union's security strategy: comparing policy paradigms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Edoardo Baldaro ◽  
Irene Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
International System ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
European Security ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Security Discourse ◽  
European Security Strategy ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The article takes fragility and resilience as distinct policy paradigms, and proposes a structured, focused comparison of how they informed and changed the EU approach to conflict and crisis management in time. The first section provides a cumulative synthesis of the debate on fragility and resilience in the international and European security discourse and practice on the background of which their comparison is built. By analysing the founding documents respectively endorsing fragility and resilience in the European context, namely the 2003 European Security Strategy and the 2016 European Union Global Strategy in addition to the existing literature on these topics, the two paradigms are examined in terms of (1) what understanding of the international system they advance; (2) where they identify the locus of the threat; (3) which role they attribute to the international community (4) and the type of solutions they proposed. In accordance with our results, we conclude that the two paradigms are not in competition, since they emerged from and reflected a contingent shift in global and local environments. Moreover, rather than providing a novel lens to better look at conflict and crisis situation, resilience is found to offer more insights into the EU's perception of its role in these contexts.

A delicate balance: how multinationals can harmonize local and global strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc André Baumgartner ◽  
Esther Tippmann
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Multinational Corporation ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Local Market ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Global And Local

Purpose Strategizing in a multinational corporation requires balancing global and local strategy. The purpose of this paper is to provide some insights into how multinational corporations succeed in this endeavor. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a detailed qualitative investigation of the strategy-development processes at Gamma – a European multinational corporation in the materials industry. Specifically, the authors investigated strategy development in the DACH region (i.e., for the German, Austrian and Swiss subsidiaries). To collect data, they conducted interviews with key informants at the corporate headquarters and the subsidiaries and collected archival data. Findings The data revealed that Gamma had found an approach to strategy development that balanced its global strategy with local conditions, finding a suitable way to align its global and local strategies. The authors therefore unravel three key insights revolving around subsidiaries’ unique interpretations of the basic idea of global strategy, idiosyncratic strategy development processes in subsidiaries and globally and locally synchronized temporal structures. Originality/value Knowing how to balance the strategic needs of headquarters and subsidiaries allows multinational corporations to follow a general strategy while simultaneously developing a local market strategy responsive to the individual market requirements.

La Civita in the Valley of the Sabato

1910 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 202-212
Author(s):  
C. L. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Range ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
Arbitrary Line ◽  
The Hill

In the upper valley of the river Sabato, eight kilometres above Serino, the mountains close in on either side and at the narrowest part an irregular rounded spur juts out on the east bank. The Sabato flows at its foot, and two torrent beds, cut through the neck of the land behind, almost isolate the hill from the main mountain range; a ring of grey stone walls rising from the edge of its steep sides encloses the level ground of its summit. The ruin, marked on the survey map by an arbitrary line, is there called Civita; in the neighbourhood, as well as in such notices of it as appear in books, it shares this name with the less vague one of Sabazia. My attention was drawn to the site by Commendatore Orilia, who had himself some time ago published upon it an article in which he argued against the correctness of the name Sabatia or Sabazia and put forward the suggestion that this might be Picentia, the chief town of the Picentini after the year 260 B.C.

CLOSED FREE-FORM SURFACE GEOMETRICAL MODELING A NEW APPROACH WITH GLOBAL AND LOCAL CHARACTERIZATION

2004 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-LUC MARI ◽  
JEAN SEQUEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Closed Surface ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Control Points ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Geometrical Modeling ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Local Characterization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global And Local

In this paper, we present a new approach to geometrical modeling which allows the user to easily characterize and control the shape defined to a closed surface. We will focus on dealing with the shape's topological, morphological and geometrical properties separately. To do this, we have based our work on the following observations concerning surfaces defined by control-points, and implicit surfaces with skeleton. They both provide complementary approaches to the surface's deformation, and both have specific advantages and limits. We thus attempted to conceive a model which integrates the local and geometrical characterization induced by the control points, as well as the representation of the morphology given by the skeleton. Knowing that the lattice of control points is close to the surface and that the skeleton is centered in the related shape, we thought of a 3-layer model. The transition layer separates the local geometrical considerations from those linked to the global morphology. We apply our model to shape design in order to modify an object in an interactive and ergonomic way, as well as to reconstruction which allows better shape understanding. To do so, we present the algorithms related to these processes.

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Tlatoani Site at Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Cherkinsky ◽  
Raúl Francisco González Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Early Postclassic ◽  
Preclassic Period ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Good Agreement

The archaeological site of Tlatoani at Tlayacapan is located in the Mexican Highlands, in the present-day state of Morelos. The site is an extant settlement located at the top of the Tepoztlan mountain range, and has been occupied since the Late Preclassic period (AD 150–500). At the height of its occupation in the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (AD 600–1150), Tlayacapan was situated on the top of the hill. The radiocarbon investigations reported herein revealed some further distinct findings, although no clear absolute chronology was demonstrated. A dog skull was found inside the oldest foundation stage, and dated between cal AD 646 and 765, the middle of the Epiclassic period. Human remains found in the first grave belonged to three individuals. A male skeleton was dated to AD 1158–1227. Fragments of an incomplete skeleton of a child and an incomplete skeleton of a second male were placed on top of the first male skeleton and were dated in the range AD 1030–1156. A fourth skeleton found nearby in the second grave gave a similar date of AD 1164–1253. These burials were in accordance with the Middle America cosmovisional system, where bodies were buried beneath the household space. It is evident from the 14C dates of the skeletons that the burial sites beneath the household space had been reused by exhuming and reburying skeletons that had been previously buried there. A comparison of dates on fractions of collagen and bioapatite of the same bones was possible. Two of the samples were in good agreement between these fractions, whereas the other three samples are close but just outside the 2σ range.

scholarly journals A policy window and a network of global and local policy entrepreneurs: The introduction of opioid substitution therapy in Belarus

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ararat Babayan ◽  
Caroline Schlaufer ◽  
Arrtem Uldanov
Keyword(s):  
Drug Policy ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Substitution Therapy ◽  
Opioid Substitution Therapy ◽  
Policy Window ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Opioid Substitution

Abstract Why does a regime that is predominantly characterised by conservative ideology introduce opioid substitution therapy (OST), a liberal policy? This article applies the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) to examine the introduction of OST in Belarus. Methodologically, the research draws on qualitative content analysis of drug policy documents and reports as well as on interviews. Results show how an increased HIV prevalence among injecting drug users opened a policy window in the problem stream. The increase in HIV cases could be used by a network of global and local policy entrepreneurs to frame OST as a public health policy instead of a drug policy measure. Findings suggest that, in nondemocratic regimes, global policy entrepreneurs can play a dominant role in introducing new policy ideas. However, the sustainability of the policy change remains questionable when acquiescence by key policymakers is lacking.

scholarly journals Planning and Managing Hill Stations in the Northern Western Ghats

2014 ◽  
Vol 26-27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Karandikar
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Western Ghats

In a tropical country like India, where the climate is predominantly hot and dry, Hill Stations haveserved as great retreats for summer vacations. The hill stations are mainly service centers, providingcomfortable stay and travel for tourists. Being tourism destinations, the thrust is always given onincreasing the number of tourists. In recent past, tourist traffic at hill stations has increased significantlyand support infrastructure is being developed for the tourists.The limiting factors that should have natural control over such development are overlooked. This hascaused irreversible damage to the local natural resources, ecology and support systems. Unless a limit onthe total number of visitors is enforced at every destination and followed meticulously, it would not bepossible to maintain aesthetics, atmosphere, sound infrastructure and ecology for these destinations.Importantly, desires and aspirations of local people with their skill set should be integrated in the overallplan.In Maharashtra, majority of existing and upcoming hill stations are in the Western Ghats. Consideringthe ecological fragility of Western Ghats and various life supporting services given by this mountain range,ideally it is not recommended to have any large scale developmental projects. For projects that have alreadybeen approved, interventions to reduce current degradation & restore the near original ecosystem in the areaare now urgently necessary. It is important and possible to cater to the needs of local communities andecosystems and create models with economic benefits in a different way than promoting large scale areadevelopment projects. All future progress should be purely in the interest of maintaining ecologicalintegrity and not short-term economic value. This will need more detailed studies and change in policies.This article uses case studies of two such hill stations, which are also notified ESZ (Ecologically SensitiveZone) in Maharashtra to illustrate the above considerations. The article also evolves a ‘Planning andManagement Strategy’ that could be useful as foundation for upcoming destinations to integrate theecological perspective in the process of planning and development.

Notes and Inscriptions from Pisidia. Part II

1960 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 43-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Bean
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Main Road ◽  
Rock Face ◽  
Eastern Side ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Hill

I pass now to the eastern side of the central mountain range, to the ancient sites lying east and west of the main Burdur–Antalya road.In the little plain of Çineovası, 13 km. from Burdur, about 300 yards east of the main road, just opposite the 110th kilometre-stone from Antalya, is a rocky hill some 40 m. high carrying a small fortified site that seems hitherto to have escaped observation. The top of the hill has been levelled to form an area some 25 by 15 m., surrounded on all four sides by a wall of excellent coursed polygonal masonry 1·20 m. thick (Pl. Va). On the west this wall merely supplements the precipitous rock-face; on the other sides it still stands to a height of some 5 m., and was originally much higher, as beds for polygonal blocks can be seen in several places in the rock-surface on the summit, and great quantities of these blocks are lying on the slopes below. In the interior are traces of four or five walls up to 1 m. thick, now flush with the ground, and a large rock-cut cistern some 5 by 4 m. and over 2 m. deep. At the south-east corner are the collapsed ruins of an ornamented building, the blocks carefully cut, with mouldings and clamp-holes; one of these blocks forms a shallow anta. Two architectural blocks apparently belonging to this building are lying in the cistern.

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Tlatoani Site at Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Cherkinsky ◽  
Raúl Francisco González Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Early Postclassic ◽  
Preclassic Period ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Good Agreement

The archaeological site of Tlatoani at Tlayacapan is located in the Mexican Highlands, in the present-day state of Morelos. The site is an extant settlement located at the top of the Tepoztlan mountain range, and has been occupied since the Late Preclassic period (AD 150–500). At the height of its occupation in the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (AD 600–1150), Tlayacapan was situated on the top of the hill. The radiocarbon investigations reported herein revealed some further distinct findings, although no clear absolute chronology was demonstrated. A dog skull was found inside the oldest foundation stage, and dated between cal AD 646 and 765, the middle of the Epiclassic period. Human remains found in the first grave belonged to three individuals. A male skeleton was dated to AD 1158–1227. Fragments of an incomplete skeleton of a child and an incomplete skeleton of a second male were placed on top of the first male skeleton and were dated in the range AD 1030–1156. A fourth skeleton found nearby in the second grave gave a similar date of AD 1164–1253. These burials were in accordance with the Middle America cosmovisional system, where bodies were buried beneath the household space. It is evident from the14C dates of the skeletons that the burial sites beneath the household space had been reused by exhuming and reburying skeletons that had been previously buried there. A comparison of dates on fractions of collagen and bioapatite of the same bones was possible. Two of the samples were in good agreement between these fractions, whereas the other three samples are close but just outside the 2σ range.

Childhood parental childrearing differently influences on adulthood fears, agoraphobia and navigation strategy selection in females and males

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S71-S71
Author(s):  
J. Kállai ◽  
S. Rózsa ◽  
G. Vincze ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
Á. Csathó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Navigation Strategy ◽  
Route Finding ◽  
Way Finding ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Physical Features

IntroductionUsing self-report assessment methods, the present study examined affective factors that influenced the gender specific use of a survey-based orientation strategy and landmark-based route-finding strategy in an unfamiliar environment. First, we analyzed the role of early navigation experiences and the influence of early parental attachment (emotional warmth, overprotection and rejection) on way finding strategy. Second, the study analyzed the intercorrelations between way finding strategies and fear-related avoidance behavior and anxiousness.MethodsThree hundred and sixteen male and female students were recruited in a study to analyze the relationships between navigation strategies, fears, early parental childrearing behavior and navigation experiences. We proposed that use of navigation strategy depends on not only the physical features of the current environment and the participants’ gender, but also fears of closed and opened spaces and types of perceived parental childrearing behavior.ResultsWe found that when exploring strange places, females used a route-finding strategy in contrast to males who used an orientation strategy for exploring a strange environment. Fear enhanced the preference for a route-finding strategy in both females and males. A route-finding strategy was associated with agoraphobic scores in females and with social fears in males. Perceived rejection from father and emotional warmth from mother together induces usage of route-finding navigation strategy.ConclusionThe family background influence on the capability to have personal experiences in unfamiliar environment and to cope with fears and behavioral avoidance in strange opened and closed places.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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