Effects of timing of heat stress and drought on growth and quality of barley grains

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Marc E. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage ◽  
Days After Anthesis

In order to determine the importance of timing of short periods of high temperature and drought on grain weight and grain quality, a glasshouse experiment was carried out in which Schooner barley was exposed to short periods of heat stress (40˚C for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days) or drought at early grain filling (10–15 days after anthesis, DAA), mid grain filling (20–25 DAA), or late grain filling (30–35 DAA). Individual grain weight was most sensitive to heat stress and drought treatments imposed early in grain filling and was less sensitive to later treatments. The reduction in grain weight was greater under heat stress (average 13%) than under drought in this study (average 6%). Starch was reduced in amount and quality, especially with early stresses during grain filling, but grain nitrogen percentage was similar between treatments.

Grain weight and malting quality in barley as affected by brief periods of increased spike temperature under field conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Passarella ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage

High temperature is usually one of the most important stresses during grain filling affecting both yield and quality in barley crops. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess in the field the effects of short periods of high temperature, using transparent boxes covering only the spikes, with thermostatically controlled electric resistance for increasing the temperature. Treatments consisted of 2 malting cultivars and 5 heat treatments of high temperatures (8�C above the environmental temperature for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days) over different periods during grain filling. Final grain weight was reduced by 2–14%, depending on the timing of heat stress and the genotype. There was a significant increase in grain nitrogen percentage in both cultivars, and grain β-glucans decreased with high temperatures in Logan and were unchanged in Beka. The resulting malt extract was reduced with exposure to high temperatures, depending on the cultivar, implying that even mild heat stress may change malting performance.

Grain growth and malting quality of barley. 1. Effects of heat stress and moderately high temperature

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Peter J. Stone ◽  
Marc E. Nicolas ◽  
Ian F. Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderately High Temperature

In this study, controlled-environment conditions were used to compare the effects of moderately high and very high temperatures during grain filling on grain growth and malting quality of barley. Heat stress applied from 15 to 20 days after anthesis (DAA) reduced grain weight by about 35%, whereas longer periods (15–20 days) of moderately high temperature applied from 20 DAA to maturity reduced grain weight by about 6%. Both heat stress and moderately high temperature resulted in reduced grain weight through a reduction in the duration of grain filling. Grain composition was altered by both moderately high and very high temperatures, although the changes were larger under very high temperatures. In general, there was a decrease in starch content, resulting from the reduction in both volume and number of A- and B-type starch granules. Nitrogen concentration was significantly increased only in the 30/25°C treatments, and changes in diastatic power were only minor. There was a reduction in β-glucan content, together with an increase in β-glucan degradation. However, malt extract was not significantly affected by these stresses.

Are temperature effects on weight and quality of barley grains modified by resource availability?

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Passarella ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Source Sink

Under field conditions the occurrence of brief periods of moderately high (30–32°C) and very high temperatures (>35°C) is quite common during grain filling in small-grain cereals. These events occur under a wide range of different management and environmental conditions, such as different nitrogen supplies and source–sink ratios after flowering. The objective of the present work was to study whether the effect of a brief heat stress is modified by resource availability for the growing grains. We subjected spikes of barley 10 days after flowering to a heat treatment in factorial combination with different nitrogen availabilities and source–sink ratios during post-flowering to determine effects on grain weight and major malting quality attributes. Grain weight and screening percentage (proportion of grains <2.5 mm) were reduced by the mild heat stress. However, the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the nitrogen fertilisation and the source–sink treatments in which the heat stress was imposed. Grain protein and β-glucan percentages were increased by both nitrogen fertilisation and heat stress. Again, the magnitude of the increase was dependent upon the availability of resources. There was a trend to reduce malt extract in all treatments with respect to the control, but the reduction was only statistically significant with heat stress.

Grain growth and malting quality of barley. 2. Effects of temperature regime before heat stress

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Peter J. Stone ◽  
Marc E. Nicolas ◽  
Ian F. Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high maximum temperature (>35°C) during grain filling appear to reduce grain yield and quality in barley. Tolerance of grain yield and quality to heat stress may be increased when acclimation to high temperature occurs. Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that a gradual (or stepped) increase to very high temperature reduces the impact of that stress on grain growth and quality of barley, compared with a sudden increase over the same temperature range. Plants experiencing either a sudden or a gradual increase did not exhibit any differences in grain weight or malting quality, but increasing the temperature in 2 steps (so that plants were exposed to 30 or 34°C for 2 h before a 40°C heat stress) appeared to have produced acclimation, since the reduction in grain weight under the 2-step treatment was about half that of either a sudden or gradual increase in temperature. Heat stress altered grain composition in various ways. The reduction in final grain weight was strongly and linearly related to the reduction in starch content. Grain β-glucan was 4·5 ± 0·5% across treatments and experiments and was significantly reduced in the glasshouse but not in the phytotron experiment. However, β-glucan degradation was similar between treatments in both experiments. Grain nitrogen concentration was very high and similar between treatments. Consequently, diastatic power was high and there was a trend towards a reduction under heat stress. Free amino nitrogen was higher under heat stress, indicating a higher protein modification than in the controls. Malt extract was significantly reduced by heat stress in the glasshouse experiment.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Physiological Response of Durum Wheat Grain to Short-Term Heat Stress during Early Grain Filling

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Anita Arenas-M ◽  
Francisca M. Castillo ◽  
Diego Godoy ◽  
Javier Canales ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wheat Grains

In a changing climate, extreme weather events such as heatwaves will be more frequent and could affect grain weight and the quality of crops such as wheat, one of the most significant crops in terms of global food security. In this work, we characterized the response of Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum wheat to short-term heat stress (HS) treatment at transcriptomic and physiological levels during early grain filling in glasshouse experiments. We found a significant reduction in grain weight (23.9%) and grain dimensions from HS treatment. Grain quality was also affected, showing a decrease in starch content (20.8%), in addition to increments in grain protein levels (14.6%), with respect to the control condition. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of durum wheat grains allowed us to identify 1590 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis, response to heat, and carbohydrate metabolic process. A gene regulatory network analysis of HS-responsive genes uncovered novel transcription factors (TFs) controlling the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response and grain quality, such as a member of the DOF family predicted to regulate glycogen and starch biosynthetic processes in response to HS in grains. In summary, our results provide new insights into the extensive transcriptome reprogramming that occurs during short-term HS in durum wheat grains.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Physiological Response of Durum Wheat Grain to Short-Term Heat Stress during Early Grain Filling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Arenas-M ◽  
Francisca M. Castillo ◽  
Diego Godoy ◽  
Javier Canales ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wheat Grains

In a changing climate, extreme weather events such as heat waves will be more frequent and could affect grain weight and the quality of crops such as wheat, one of the most significant crops in terms of global food security. In this work, we characterized the response of Triticum turgidum spp. durum wheat to a short-term heat-stress (HS) treatment at transcriptomic and physiological levels during early grain filling in glasshouse experiments. We found a significant reduction in grain weight and size from HS treatment. Grain quality was also affected, showing a decrease in starch content in addition to increments in grain protein levels. Moreover, an RNA-seq analysis of durum wheat grains allowed us to identify 1590 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis, response to heat, and carbohydrate metabolic process. A gene regulatory network analysis of HS-responsive genes uncovered novel transcription factors (TFs) controlling the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response and grain quality, such as a member of the DOF family predicted to regulate glycogen and starch biosynthetic processes in response to HS in grains. In summary, our results provide new insights into the extensive transcriptome reprogramming that occurs during short-term HS in durum wheat grains.

Effects of Short Periods of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth and Starch Accumulation of Two Malting Barley Cultivars

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Savin ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
High Temperature Maximum

Short periods (3-5 days) of high maximum temperature (>35�C), often accompanied by drought, commonly occur during grain filling of cereals. Short periods of high temperature have been shown to reduce grain weight and baking quality in wheat, but little is known about their effects on barley. Consequently, we examined the effects of high temperature and drought, alone or combined, on grain growth for two barley cultivars, Schooner and Franklin. Treatments started 15 days after anthesis and consisted of the factorial combination of three temperatures and three water regimes. The high temperature (maximum 40�C for 6 h day-1) and drought treatments were maintained for 5 or 10 days. Drought reduced individual grain weight much more (ca 20%) than high temperature (ca 5%) for both cultivars. Franklin appeared to be more sensitive to heat stress than Schooner. The reduction in individual grain weight was greatest when both stresses were combimed (ca 30%). The reduction in mature grain weight under high temperature was due to a reduction in duration of grain growth for Schooner and to a reduction in both rate and duration of grain growth for Franklin (8-12%). The reduction in duration of grain growth was the most important cause of reduced grain weight at maturity under drought alone (12-25%) or combined with high temperature (25-33%). Nitrogen content per grain was quite high and similar for all treatments, and nitrogen percentage increased when stress was severe enough to reduce starch accumulation, confirming that starch accumulation is more sensitive to post- anthesis stress than nitrogen accumulation. We conclude that drought, particularly when combined with high temperature, is more likely than heat stress to cause large reductions in grain weight of barley under field conditions.

Responses of grain growth and malting quality of barley to short periods of high temperature in field studies using portable chambers

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Savin ◽  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Although environmental conditions during grain filling are often cited as the reason for decreases in malting quality of barley, little is actually known about the specific effects of different environmental conditions on grain yield and quality of barley. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess in the field the effects of short periods of high temperature (>35�C), using portable chambers with thermostatically controlled electric heaters, on grain yield and quality of barley. Two experiments were carried out in 2 consecutive years, involving the malting barley cultivars Schooner (first year) and Parwan (second year). The treatments were (i) control (no chamber, no heating) during the whole grain-filling period, (ii) plots with chambers heated to ca. 40�C for 6 h per day over 5 days starting 17 days after anthesis, and (iii) plots with non-heated chambers for 5 days from 17 days after anthesis. High temperature treatments reduced individual grain weight by 14% in Schooner and 25% in Parwan. There was a reduction in starch content and an increase in nitrogen content in the heat treatments compared to the control, but the G-glucan content was similar to the control. The resulting malt extract was reduced from 79 to 73% in Schooner and from 68.4 to 66.2% in Parwan in ,the heat stress treatment. The starch granule size distribution was also measured. Results indicate that decreases in grain dry matter were due to reductions in number rather than size of starch granules. It is concluded that high temperature reduced the amount of 'maltable' grain by reducing grain size and increasing the screening percentage, and also reduced malt extract by 3-7%, which represents a large decrease for the malting industry.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaHMW1D Transcript Variants Are Highly Expressed in Response to Heat Stress and in Grains Located in Distal Part of the Spike

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Chan Seop Ko ◽  
Jin-Baek Kim ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
Yong Weon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Transcript Variants

High-temperature stress during the grain filling stage has a deleterious effect on grain yield and end-use quality. Plants undergo various transcriptional events of protein complexity as defensive responses to various stressors. The “Keumgang” wheat cultivar was subjected to high-temperature stress for 6 and 10 days beginning 9 days after anthesis, then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide analyses were performed. Spots showing decreased contents in stressed plants were shown to have strong similarities with a high-molecular glutenin gene, TraesCS1D02G317301 (TaHMW1D). QRT-PCR results confirmed that TaHMW1D was expressed in its full form and in the form of four different transcript variants. These events always occurred between repetitive regions at specific deletion sites (5′-CAA (Glutamine) GG/TG (Glycine) or (Valine)-3′, 5′-GGG (Glycine) CAA (Glutamine) -3′) in an exonic region. Heat stress led to a significant increase in the expression of the transcript variants. This was most evident in the distal parts of the spike. Considering the importance of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits of seed storage proteins, stressed plants might choose shorter polypeptides while retaining glutenin function, thus maintaining the expression of glutenin motifs and conserved sites.

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.

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