Effects of the correction of particle microbial contamination and particle transit model in the rumen on in situ protein evaluation of grass hays

Effects of considering the particle comminution rate (kc) in addition to particle rumen outflow (kp) and the ruminal microbial contamination on estimates of by-pass and intestinal digestibility of DM, organic matter and crude protein were examined in perennial ryegrass and oat hays. By-pass kc-kp-based values of amino acids were also determined. This study was performed using particle transit, in situ and 15N techniques on three rumen and duodenum-cannulated wethers. The above estimates were determined using composite samples from rumen-incubated residues representative of feed by-pass. Considering the comminution rate, kc, modified the contribution of the incubated residues to these samples in both hays and revealed a higher microbial contamination, consistently in oat hay and only as a tendency for crude protein in ryegrass hay. Not considering kc or rumen microbial contamination overvalued by-pass and intestinal digestibility in both hays. Therefore, non-microbial-corrected kp-based values of intestinal digested crude protein were overestimated as compared with corrected and kc-kp-based values in ryegrass hay (17.4 vs 4.40%) and in oat hay (5.73 vs 0.19%). Both factors should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, as the protein value of grasses is very conditioned by the microbial synthesis derived from their ruminal fermentation. Consistent overvaluations of amino acid by-pass due to not correcting microbial contamination were detected in both hays, with large variable errors among amino acids. A similar degradation pattern of amino acids was recorded in both hays. Cysteine, methionine, leucine and valine were the most degradation-resistant amino acids.

Download Full-text

Effects of the comminution rate and microbial contamination of particles in the rumen on accuracy ofin situestimates of digestion of protein and amino acids of dehydrated sugar beet pulp

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859613000233 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 152 (1) ◽

pp. 166-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. GONZÁLEZ ◽

J. M. ARROYO ◽

J. A. GUEVARA-GONZÁLEZ ◽

R. MOUBI ◽

O. PIQUER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Fresh Weight Basis ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Composite Samples

SUMMARYEffects of the correction of microbial contamination (using15N techniques) and of considering the comminution rate (kc) of particles in the rumen on effective estimates of the ruminally undegraded (RU) fraction and its intestinal effective digestibility (IED) were examined in a sample of dehydrated sugar beet pulp (DBP) generating composite samples (from rumen-incubated residues) representative of the chemical composition of RU. Tested fractions were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM, tested only for RU), crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). The study was performed on three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 2 : 1 (fresh weight basis) chopped oat hay-to-concentrate diet supplied at 40 g DM/kg BW0·75in six equal meals per day. The DBP showed sigmoid degradation kinetics: the fractional degradation rate increased by 5·8 times as time (h) increased from 0 to∞. Thekcrate (measured in the diet concentrate) represented 5·74% of the total rumen retention time of particles. As a result, the RU of DM was over-evaluated by 6·53% whenkcwas not considered. Microbial contamination of RU was high as in DM as in CP. Therefore, the overestimation of RU of DM was increased to 12·2% when this contamination was not corrected. The lack of this correction also led to large over-evaluations of RU and IED of CP and AA. As a result, the overestimation of the intestinal digested fraction was 40·9% for CP and 45·0% for total analysed AA. This overestimation varied largely among AA (from 18·9 to 88·7%). Corrected proportions of RU and IED were also variable among AA. Hypotheses on the causes of this variability are given. Resultant changes in the AA profile of the intestinal digested protein had some negative impact on the supply of essential AA and cysteine without affecting lysine. This problem is limited because the microbial protein synthesized from DBP fermentation in the rumen is largely predominant in the AA supply to the host.

Download Full-text

In situ Ruminal and Intestinal Digestibility of Crude Protein and Amino Acids in By-product Feedstuffs

Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science ◽

10.5333/kgfs.2018.38.2.74 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 74-83

Author(s):

Youl Chang Baek ◽

◽

Jin young Jeong ◽

Young Kyoon Oh ◽

Min Seok Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

Download Full-text

Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10081247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Trinidad de Evan ◽

Andrea Vintimilla ◽

Eduarda Molina-Alcaide ◽

María Ranilla ◽

María Carro

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

The nutritive values for ruminants of cauliflower (CAU) and Romanesco (ROM) wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) were assessed by analyzing their chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. In addition, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of diets containing increasing amounts of CAU was studied. The dry matter (DM) content of leaves, stems and sprouts of both vegetables was lower than 10%, but they contained high crude protein (CP; 19.9 to 33.0%) and sugar (16.3 to 28.7%) levels, and low neutral detergent fiber (21.6 to 32.3%). Stems and sprouts were more rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen than leaves, but there were only minor differences the fermentation profiles of both vegetables. The estimated metabolizable energy content ranged from 9.3 (leaves) to 10.8 (sprouts) MJ/kg DM. The CP rumen degradability (12-h in situ incubations) was greater than 80.0% for all fractions, and the in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP ranged from 85.7 to 93.2%. The inclusion of up to 24% of dried CAU in the concentrate of a mixed diet (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased the in vitro rumen fermentation of the CAU diet, but did not affect methane (CH4) production, indicating the lack of antimethanogenic compounds in CAU.

Download Full-text

Sunflower meal and spring pea ruminal degradation protection using malic acid or orthophosphoric acid-heat treatments

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14669 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 2029 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. Díaz-Royón ◽

J. M. Arroyo ◽

M. D. Sánchez-Yélamo ◽

J. González

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Orthophosphoric Acid ◽

Sunflower Meal ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Electrophoretic Techniques ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

The effects of solutions of malic or orthophosphoric acids (0.752 Eqg/kg of feed) and heat to protect proteins of sunflower meal (SFM) and spring pea (SP) against ruminal degradation were studied using particle transit, 15N infusion, in situ and electrophoretic techniques. Three wethers fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulae were successively fed three isoproteic diets including SFM and SP, untreated or treated with malic or orthophosphoric acids. Incubations of tested meals were only performed while feeding the respective diet. Estimates of the ruminally undegraded fraction (RU) and its intestinal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (only for RU), crude protein and starch (only in SP) were obtained considering ruminal microbial contamination and particle comminution and outflow rates. When corrected for microbial contamination, estimates of RU and intestinal digestibility decreased in all tested fractions for both feeds. All RU estimates increased with the protective treatments, whereas intestinal digestibility-dry matter also increased in SFM. Low intestinal digestibility-crude protein values suggested the presence of antitrypsin factors in SP. Protective treatments of both feeds led to consistent increases in the intestinal digested fraction of dry matter and crude protein, being only numerically different for SP-starch (60.5% as average). However, treatments also reduced the organic matter fermentation, which may decrease ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Electrophoretic studies showed albumin disappearance in both SFM and SP, whereas changes in other RU proteins were more pronounced in SP than SFM.

Download Full-text

In situstudy of the relevance of bacterial adherence to feed particles for the contamination and accuracy of rumen degradability estimates for feeds of vegetable origin

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20061830 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 316-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. A. Rodríguez ◽

J. González

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Asymptotic Values ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Gluten Feed ◽

Single Exponential

Anin situstudy was conducted on four rumen-cannulated wethers to determine (using15N infusion techniques) the microbial contamination (mg bacterial DM or crude protein (CP)/100mg DM or CP) and the associated error on the effective degradability of fourteen feeds: barley and maize grains, soyabean and sunflower meals, full-fat soyabean, maize gluten feed, soyabean hulls, brewers dried grains, sugarbeet pulp, wheat bran, lucerne and vetch-oat hays, and barley and lentil straws. The DM or CP contamination in residues (M) fitted to single exponential or sigmoid curves. A general model (M=m(1−e−ft)j) was proposed to match this fit. Asymptotic values (m) varied from 2·84% to 13·3% and from 2·85% to 80·9% for DM and CP, respectively. Uncorrected results underestimated the effective degradability of both DM (P<0·05) and CP (P<0·01). For CP, this underestimation varied from 0·59% to 13·1%, with a higher but unascertainable error for barley straw. Excluding maize grain, the microbial contamination of both DM and CP, and the associated underestimation of the effective degradability of CP, were positively related to the cellulose content of the feed. The error in the effective degradability of CP was also negatively related to the CP content and its apparent effective degradability (R20·867). This equation allows easier and more accurate estimates of effective degradability, needed to improve protein-rationing systems.

Download Full-text

Effect of extrusion on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of amino acids in white lupin seed

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas92-010 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 89-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

P. Cros ◽

R. Moncoulon ◽

C. Bayourthe ◽

M. Vernay

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Score Test ◽

White Lupin ◽

Lupin Seed ◽

Chemical Score ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Ruminal Digestion

The effect of extruding white lupin seed (WLS) at 120 or 150 °C on the degradability of crude protein in the rumen and the intestine of nonlactating Holstein cows was determined in situ. Nylon bags were incubated in the rumen for 16 h and then introduced into the small intestine, through a duodenal cannula, for subsequent recovery in feces. Extrusion of WLS at 120 or 150 °C decreased the degradability of crude protein in the rumen (86.9–73.6 vs. 98.4%) and increased the amount of crude protein disappearing in the intestine (11.8–25.0 vs. 0.8%). Extrusion did not alter the amino acid (AA) profile of WLS, although the AA composition of the WLS protein that escaped ruminal digestion differed markedly both quantitatively and qualitatively, from its initial composition. Extruding WLS increased intestinal disappearance of most of the AA, but variation in disappearance among AA was substantial. Thus, WLS proteins that are not degraded in the rumen differ in their potential as a source of absorbable AA in the intestine from the original source. Comparison of essential AA profiles of original sources to that of milk indicated that the sulphur AA were first-limiting in WLS, with valine, lysine and leucine being second through fourth limiting. The estimated AA chemical score (test-to-milk ratio) for original WLS was 64%. For the rumen undegraded protein fractions disappearing in the intestine, the limiting AAs in descending order were: sulphur AA, valine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine and threonine for raw WLS; sulphur AA, lysine, valine and histidine for WLS extruded at 120 °C and lysine, valine, histidine and sulphur AA for WLS treated at 150 °C. The corresponding AA chemical scores were: 63, 76 and 72%. Consequently, after extrusion, the ruminally undegraded protein of WLS that disappeared in the intestine showed a higher protein quality. Key words: Cow, lupin, seed, amino acids, extrusion, ruminal degradation, intestinal disappearance

Download Full-text

Rumen degradability and ileal digestibility of proteins and amino acids of feedstuffs for cows

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201483030225 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 225-231

Author(s):

Iveta Maskaľová ◽

Vladimír Vajda ◽

Marek Krempaský ◽

Lukáš Bujňák

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed

Knowledge of the profile of amino acids of the rumen-undegradable protein can help in the formulation of diets to provide amino acids that complement microbial protein as well as supply amino acids, which are most limiting for milk production. Three non-lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effect ofin siturumen degradation on crude protein and amino acid profile of rumen-undegraded protein of feedstuffs. The obtained values of rumen degradability of crude protein with significant difference (P< 0.001) between feeds ranged from 20.3 to 76.3% (mean 62.0 ± 17.9%) and values of total amino acids ranged from 30.9% in corn gluten meal to 83.8% in corn gluten feed (mean 67.5 ± 16.4%). Anin vitromodified 3-step method was used to determine intestinal digestibility. Intestinal digestibility of undegraded protein varied from 54.5 ± 1.4% in raw soybean to 95.2 ± 1.0% in corn gluten feed. The absorbable amino acid profile of rumen-undegraded protein for each feedstuff was compared with profiles of the original feedstuff and the rumen-exposed undegraded protein. Absorbable lysine (9.3 ± 1.1 g/kg of crude protein) was higher in products of soybean and sunflower cake. Corn gluten feed and meal supplied more absorbable methionine (3.6 ± 0.6 g/kg of crude protein). This study showed that the digestibility factor of crude protein and amino acid based onin situandin vitromethods for thermal treatment of protein feeds can be used in models to optimize the amino acid nutrition of dairy cows and expand knowledge about rumen degradability and ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Brassica Vegetables as Potential Feed for Ruminants

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9090588 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 588 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Trinidad de Evan ◽

Andrea Vintimilla ◽

Carlos N. Marcos ◽

María José Ranilla ◽

María Dolores Carro

Keyword(s):

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Dairy Sheep ◽

Brussels Sprouts ◽

Brassica Vegetables ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility of discarded samples of four Brassica vegetables: Brussels sprouts (BS), white cabbage, Savoy cabbage, and red cabbage, and to assess the effects of including increasing amounts of BS in the concentrate of a dairy sheep diet on in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and in situ degradation of the diets. All cabbages had low dry matter content (DM; <16.5%), but their DM had high crude protein (19.5–24.8%) and sugars (27.2–41.4%) content and low neutral detergent fiber (17.5–28%) and was rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen. Rumen degradability of protein at 12 h of in situ incubation was greater than 91.5% for all cabbages, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of protein ranged from 61.4 to 90.2%. Replacing barley, corn, and soybean meal by 24% of dried BS in the concentrate of a diet for dairy sheep (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased in vitro diet fermentation and in situ degradability of DM and protein, and reduced in vitro CH4/total volatile fatty acid ratio. In vivo trials are necessary to confirm these results.

Download Full-text