Parity and grazing-time effects on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Morales-Almaráz ◽  
B. de la Roza-Delgado ◽  
A. Soldado ◽  
A. Martínez-Fernández ◽  
A. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Time Effects

Milk fatty acid (FA) profiles of lactating Holstein dairy cows were determined to evaluate the effects of parity (primiparous or multiparous) and the grazing time (0, 6 and 12 h), complementary to a total mixed ration, in a 2 × 3 factorial design. The interaction of parity with grazing time did not affect milk production and protein content; however, dry matter intake of herbage, total dry matter intake and milk fat content were affected by the interaction (P < 0.05). Both factors affected the milk concentration of monounsaturated FAs. The 18 : 3 cis9 cis12, 18 : 2 cis9 trans11, and 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15 concentrations in milk were higher (P < 0.05) in primiparous cows. Milk 18 : 2 cis9 trans11 concentration in primiparous cows with 12 h grazing (1.17 g/100 g FA) was 44% and 57% higher than with 6 h and 0 h grazing (0.66 and 0.50 g/100 g FA, respectively). Similar pattern was observed for 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15. The milk 18 : 1 trans11 concentration was higher (P < 0.05) with 6 h and 12 h grazing than without grazing. In conclusion, the parity would appear to mainly affect the proportion of short-chain FAs, and had an important influence on the proportions of 18 : 2 cis9 trans11, and 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15. These FAs and also 18 : 1 trans11 were modified by grazing time.

scholarly journals Effect of Post-grazing Sward Height on Ingestive Behavior, Dry Matter Intake, and Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Menegazzi ◽  
Pamela Yanina Giles ◽  
Matías Oborsky ◽  
Oliver Fast ◽  
Diego Antonio Mattiauda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Evaluation Period ◽  
Sward Height

Sward height is strongly related to the daily dry matter intake of grazing dairy cows, which consequently determines animal performance. Despite that, few studies have explored the potential to increase milk production by managing post-grazing sward height. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of three defoliation intensities on a Lolium arundinaceum-based pasture on frequency and length of grazing meals and ruminating bouts, daily grazing and ruminating time, feeding stations and patches exploration, and dry matter intake and milk production of dairy cows. The treatments imposed were three different post-grazing sward heights: control (TC), medium (TM), and lax (TL), which were managed with 6, 9, and 12 cm of post-grazing sward heights during autumn and winter, and 9, 12, and 15 cm of post-grazing sward heights during spring, respectively. Thirty-six autumn-calving Holstein cows were grouped by parity (2.6 ± 0.8), body weight (618 ± 48) kg, and body condition score (2.8 ± 0.2) and randomized to the treatments. The pasture was accessed from 08:00 to 14:00 and 17:00 to 03:00 during spring and no supplement was involved during the evaluation period. Daily grazing time averaged 508 ± 15 min and was not affected by treatment. The reduction of post-grazing sward height increased the length of the first grazing session in the morning and the afternoon. The number of grazing sessions was greater on TL than on TM, with no difference in TC. The number of feeding stations (the hypothetical semi-circle in front of an animal from which the bites were taken without moving the front forefeet) visited was less on TC than on TL, and neither of them differed from TM. Dry matter (DM) intake was lesser on TC than on TM and TL (14.7 vs. 17.8 kg DM). Milk production during the evaluation period was 13.1, 16.2, and 18.7 kg/day for TC, TM, and TL, respectively. The milk fat, protein, and lactose content did not differ between treatments. The cows on TC exhibited a lower intake rate, although they were less selective, probably as a consequence of the sward structure of TC treatment. The cows on TM adopted a compensation mechanism which allowed them to achieve the same dry matter intake as cows on TL, but lower milk production. The cows on TL were more selective than TC and TM resulting in higher digestible dry matter intake and consequently higher milk production. The intensity of defoliation impacts on the animal-plant interaction, and constitutes a valuable management tool that can be used to boost forage intake and milk production. The new developments on information technology would allow researchers to link behavioral data with response variables (e.g., milk production, health, welfare, etc.) at different spatio-temporal scales and support short and long-term management decisions.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cattle diet on milk fatty acid profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo N S Torres ◽  
João P A Bertoco ◽  
Maria C G de Arruda ◽  
Julia L Rodrigues ◽  
Larissa M Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Data Set

Abstract The use of glycerin in diets for dairy cows initially emerged as an alternative for the prevention and control of ketosis. However, despite some controversy, there are still several studies associating glycerin with increases in daily milk yield, with possible changes in its constituents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, using a meta-analysis approach, the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cow diets on milk fatty acid. Twenty-two peer-reviewed publications with 66 treatment means were included in data set. The effect of glycerin inclusion in diet (treatment) were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between a control diet (without glycerin in the diet) and the treatment diet. Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis performed for: genetic type; days in milk; experimental period; glycerin in diet; glycerin type and concentrate in diet. Inclusion of glycerin in the diet increased the digestibility of dry matter and protein, as well as ruminal propionate. It did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.351) and milk yield (P = 0.730). The effect of glycerin inclusion on the milk fat yield is dependent on the genetic group, in which Holstein (WMD = −0.04 kg/d; P = 0.010) and Holstein-crossbreed (WMD = −0.10 kg/d; P &lt; 0.0001) cows produced less fat in milk compared to Jersey cows, when glycerin was included in the diets. Glycine inclusions of up to 100 g/kg in the diet of dairy cows did not negatively affect milk production and composition. However, inclusions above 150 g/kg of glycerin in the diet reduced the concentration of fat, and of unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA C18: 2 cis-9 and trans-11) in milk. The results reported in our meta-analysis does not demonstrate the effectiveness of glycerin in improving the composition of milk and a group of fatty acids of importance for human health such as C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

Review: Feed intake, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed flaxseed

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H V Petit
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter Intake

Flaxseed contains approximately 55% of total fatty acids of the oil as ?-linolenic acid and is rich in lignans, which are strong antioxidants. Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants are known to have beneficial effects on human health such as a decrease in the incidence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and arthritis. Flaxseed could then be an interesting natural feed to consider for changing milk composition. Cyanogenic glycosides (linustatin and neolinustatin) are present in flaxseed, but the concentration of hydrocyanic acid is very low in milk and ruminal fluid of cows fed flaxseed products. In general, feeding up to 15% of the total dry matter as whole flaxseed has a limited effect on dry matter intake. Heat treatments such as micronization and extrusion have no effect on dry matter intake and the effect of formaldehyde treatment on feed intake is unclear. The effects of flaxseed supplementation on milk production of dairy cows in the early stage of lactation have been neutral. Diet supplementation with whole flaxseed has had no effect on milk yield and composition of dairy cows in the mid or late stages of lactation. Physical processing of flaxseed increased milk production although heat treatment did not. Results on the effect of flaxseed processing on overall milk fat concentration have been controversial, but heat and formaldehyde treatments had no effect. Flaxseed supplementation had no effect on milk fat and protein concentrations, and processing of flaxseed had little effect. The extent of change in the concentration of fatty acids in milk is generally proportional to the level of inclusion of flaxseed in the diet. In conclusion, feeding flaxseed does not affect milk production or composition in the large majority of studies, but its long-term effects on health of cows and productivity still need to be determined.Key words: Review, flax, dairy

Effects of feeding wheat or corn and of rumen fistulation on milk production and methane emissions of dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moate ◽  
S. R. O. Williams ◽  
M. H. Deighton ◽  
M. C. Hannah ◽  
B. E. Ribaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Ch4 Emissions

There has been little research that has quantified methane (CH4) yields when dairy cows consume diets containing wheat grain. Furthermore, although rumen-fistulated animals have been used in many experiments concerned with measuring CH4 emissions, no research has examined the effect of rumen fistulation on in vivo CH4 emissions and yield. This experiment examined the effects of including either wheat or corn grain in the diet and the effects of rumen fistulation on yields of milk and milk components, CH4 emissions, yields, and intensities. Eight rumen-fistulated and six non-fistulated Holstein dairy cows in late lactation were offered a wheat-based diet (WHT) and a corn-based diet (CRN) in a crossover design. For the WHT diet, cows were offered daily, 22.4 kg DM containing 45.5% lucerne hay, 8.9% canola meal, 0.5% mineral mix, 0.5% molasses powder and 44.6% rolled wheat. The CRN diet was similar to the WHT diet except that rolled corn replaced the wheat. There was no difference between the WHT and CRN diets on mean milk yields (27.8 vs 27.9 kg/day), but the WHT diet substantially reduced milk fat concentration (2.76 vs 4.23%) and milk fat yield (0.77 vs 1.18 kg/day). Methane emissions (218 vs 424 g/day), CH4 yield (11.1 vs 19.5 g/kg dry matter intake) and CH4 intensity (7.6 vs 15.7 g/kg milk) were all reduced ~45% by the WHT diet compared with the CRN diet. Rumen fistulation did not affect dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition or CH4 emissions, but decreased CH4 yield and intensity. Including wheat in the diet of dairy cows has the potential to be an effective strategy to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, rumen fistulation was associated with a small reduction in CH4 yield and intensity, and this should be considered when using rumen-fistulated cows in research concerned with CH4 emissions.

scholarly journals INCLUSION OF PROTECTED FAT IN DIETS ON THE MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF SAANEN GOATS

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Bruna Hygino ◽  
Sérgio Mangano de Almeida Santos ◽  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Milk Samples

According on the fat source included in the diets for goats, the milk production can be increased and milk fatty acid composition can be improved. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of protected fat (CSFA - calcium salts of fatty acids) in the diets of lactating Saanen goats on milk production and composition. Five Saanen goats (63.23 ± 9.08 kg body weight and 105 ± 3 days of lactation) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 × 5) with five diets: control (without the addition of CSFA) and the other diets with: 6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.0 g CSFA per kg dry matter (g/kg DM), respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production (MP) were evaluated. Milk samples were collected to determine milk composition and fatty acid profile. Feed efficiency (FE) was estimated. The supplementation of CSFA up to 25 g/kg DM did not influence the DMI, MP and FE. Milk components production (g/d) was not influenced by the inclusion CSFA in the diet; however, there was a linear reduction of 0.87 g protein per kg of milk for each 1% CSFA included in the diet. The concentration of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in milk was improved with a maximum point of 24 g of CSFA per kg DM. CSFA can be included in the diets of lactating Saanen goats up to 25 g/kg DM with no interference on DMI and MP.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analytic Approach to Predict Methane Emissions from Dairy Goats Using Milk Fatty Acid Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4834
Author(s):  
Francisco Requena ◽  
Francisco Peña ◽  
Estrella Agüera ◽  
Andrés Martínez Marín
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this work was to develop an equation to predict methane yield (CH4, g/kg dry matter intake) from dairy goats using milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Data from 12 research papers (30 treatments and 223 individual observations) were used in a meta-regression. Since most of the selected studies did not extensively report milk fat composition, palmitic acid (C16:0) was selected as a potential predictor. The obtained equation was: CH4 (g/kg dry matter intake) = 0.525 × C16:0 (% in milk fat). The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.46), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSPE = 3.16 g/kg dry matter intake), and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.65) indicated that the precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the model were moderate. The relationship between CH4 yield and C16:0 content in milk fat would be supported by the fact that diet characteristics that increase the amount of available hydrogen in the rumen for archaea to produce CH4, simultaneously favor the conditions for the synthesis of C16:0 in the mammary gland. The obtained equation might be useful, along with previous published equations based on diet characteristics, to evaluate the environmental impact of dairy goat farming.

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid composition of Holstein x Gyr dairy cows fed sugarcane-based diets containing citrus pulp supplemented with sunflower oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1663
Author(s):  
Shirley Motta de Souza ◽  
Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama ◽  
Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Elaidic Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Citrus Pulp

Sugarcane is a strategic roughage source for milk production in the tropics, and its supplementation with plant oils offers great potential for obtaining milk enriched with beneficial fatty acids, such as oleic (cis-9 C18:1), vaccenic (trans-11 C18:1), and rumenic (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the milk fatty acid composition of cows fed 60% chopped sugarcane-based diets containing citrus pulp and 0.0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% sunflower oil on a dry matter basis. Twelve multiparous Holstein x Gyr dairy cows with an average milk production of 17±5 kg day-1 and 96±25 days in milk were allocated in a triplicate 4 x 4 Latin square design. There was no effect of dietary treatment on milk production, but sunflower oil supplementation linearly reduced the milk fat content and yield. The milk fat contents of lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and palmitic (C16:0) fatty acids were linearly reduced with increasing sunflower oil levels. There was a quadratic effect on the milk fat oleic, vaccenic, and rumenic acid contents, while the concentrations of elaidic acid (trans-9 C18:1), trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA linearly increased in response to sunflower oil inclusion. Diet supplementation with sunflower oil linearly reduced both the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices and linearly increased the ratio between hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in milk fat. The inclusion of up to 4.5% sunflower oil in 60% chopped sugarcane-based diets improved the nutritional quality of milk fat from Holstein x Gyr dairy cows as a result of the increased content of oleic, rumenic and vaccenic acids, which are beneficial to human health, and the concomitant reduction of hypercholesterolemic lauric, myristic and palmitic acids. However, there was an increase in the milk content of trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acid, which are associated with deleterious effects on cardiovascular health.

Effect of stage of lactation and feeding level on milk yield response by stall-fed dairy cows to change in pasture intake

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Three separate experiments were carried out to determine the effects of stage of lactation and feeding level on marginal production response by dairy cows to change in feeding level. In each experiment cows were individually offered cut pasture in stalls, ad libitum initially for 10 days, and for a further 28-day period when feeding treatments were imposed. In experiment 1, a total of 37 cows in early or late lactation were offered the same high quality pasture diet either ad libitum or at 0.60 x ad libitum intake. In experiments 2 and 3, 35 and 31 cows which were in early (experiment 2) or late lactation (experiment 3) were offered pasture at 1 of 3 feeding levels: ad libitum, 0.75 x ad libitum. 0.50 x ad libitum intake. In experiment 1 the marginal response was similar, 23.5 and 25.0 g milk fat/kg change in dry matter intake, for cows offered the same diet in early or late lactation. In experiment 2, cows in early lactation showed marginal responses which ranged from 0 to 80 g milk fat/kg dry matter intake and were greater at lower feeding levels and for cows with greater initial milk production. In experiment 3, the marginal response for cows in late lactation was similar to that in experiment 1 (24.4 g milk fat/kg change in DM intake) and was not significantly affected by the level of feeding or by the initial milk production of the cow. Reduced levels of feeding in late lactation appeared to accelerate the changes in milk composition which occur normally in late lactation: increases in the concentration of milk fat and protein; a decrease in lactose concentration. It is concluded that in early lactation, much of the published variation in marginal response can be explained by differences between experiments in levels of feeding studied and in the initial milk yield of the cows. In late lactation there was much less variation in the reported magnitude of the marginal response, and the variation which did exist can be explained by experimental error.

scholarly journals Milk Fatty-Acid Profile after Feeding Increasing Doses of a Mixture of Soybean and Linseed Oils to Pasture Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Elisabet Antonacci ◽  
Gerardo Antonio Gagliostro
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Oil Blend ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The objective was to determine the effect of increasing intake of a mixture (75:25) of soybean (SO) and linseed  (LO) oils on milk production and composition and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in grazing dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows were assigned to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with three weeks of adaptation to oil doses and one week of experimental measurements. On a dry matter (DM) basis, cows were fed pasture (63%), energy concentrate (37%) and the SO-LO oil mixture at zero (T0), 2% (T2%), 4% (T4%) and 6% (T6%) of total DM intake equivalent to 0, 0.36, 0.72 and 1.08 kg cow-1 day-1 of the oil mixture. The oil blend was manually mixed to the concentrate (7.04 kg DM cow-1 day-1) and supplied by halves during each milking time without refusals. Pasture (P = 0.49) and total DM intakes (P = 0.31) were similar between treatments averaging 11.27 and 18.85 kg DM cow-1 day-1 respectively. Milk production (22.71 kg cow-1 day-1) was not affected (P = 0.46). Milk fat content decreased linearly (P < 0.05) from 3.20 (T0) to 2.67 g 100 g-1 (T6%) without effects (P = 0.73) on fat or fat corrected milk (4%FCM) yields. Milk protein concentration (P < 0.56) or yields (P < 0.11 were not affected. Lactose content tended (P < 0.08) to be higher in oil supplemented cows and milk urea nitrogen was not affected (P = 0.14). The basal (T0%) concentration (g 100 g-1 FA) of total hypercholesterolemic FA (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) of milk averaged 38.93 and decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) with oil intake to 37.81 (T2%), 31.59 (T4%) and 29.18 (T6%). Levels of elaidic (trans-9 C18:1) and trans-10 C18:1 FA resulted low in the basal (T0%) milk (0.21 and 0.20 g 100 g-1 FA respectively) but increased linearly (P < 0.0001) after oil intake reaching the maximum values at T6% (0.73 and 2.23 g 100 g-1 FA respectively). Milk concentration (g 100 g-1 FA) of vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1, VA) averaged 3.63 in T0% and increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with oil intake reaching 4.97, 7.05 and 8.38 in T2%, T4% and T6%, respectively. Basal concentration of rumenic acid (cis-9. trans-11 C18:2, RA) was 2.28 g 100 g-1 FA and increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increased oil dose resulting in maximal plateau in T4% (3.88) and T6% (3.89). The basal  atherogenic index (AI) of milk was 1.87 and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) to 1.64 (T2%), 1.18 (T4%) and 0.95 (T6%) after oil intake. The basal n-6/n-3 ratio (3.57) did not differ (P > 0.05) from T2% (3.37) but was higher (P < 0.05) in T4% (4.41) and T6% (4.63) remaining under the recommended value of 5:1. Taken together the results suggest that feeding a blend (75:25; SO:LO) of SO an LO oils at 4% of total DM intake to grazing dairy cows maximize the milk RA content with a concomitant decrease in the hypercholesterolemic FA of milk maintaining a healthy n− 6/n−3 ratio with low levels of the detrimental trans-9 C18:1 and trans-10 C18:1.

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