Rumen degradability characteristics of five starch-based concentrate supplements used on Australian dairy farms

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. McDonnell ◽  
M. vH. Staines ◽  
M. L. Douglas ◽  
M. J. Auldist ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Friesian Cows ◽  
In Sacco

This experiment compared the rumen degradability characteristics of five starch-based concentrate supplements used by Western Australia (WA) dairy producers. Six rumen-fistulated, non-lactating, Holstein-Friesian cows were used to measure the in sacco rumen degradability of maize grain, oats, wheat, sodium hydroxide-treated wheat (NaOH wheat) and Maximize® (a commercial pellet commonly used by WA dairy producers). Cows were offered a basal diet of custom-made cubes (60 : 40 lucerne hay : wheat grain) at maintenance feeding level. Rumen disappearance of dry matter (DM), starch and crude protein was determined for each concentrate at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, and fitted to an exponential model to estimate degradation kinetics. Effective degradability coefficients were then calculated at three rumen solid-outflow rates (0.02, 0.05 and 0.08/h). Degradability of DM at 0.08/h was lowest (P < 0.001) in maize grain (0.64) and oats (0.68) and greatest in wheat (0.83), with that in NaOH wheat (0.80) and Maximize (0.76) being intermediate. Starch degradability at 0.08/h was also lowest (P < 0.001) in maize grain (0.70), intermediate for NaOH wheat (0.83) and Maximize (0.87), and greatest for wheat (0.96) and oats (0.98). Degradability of crude protein was lowest (P = 0.001) in Maximize (0.66) and NaOH wheat (0.69), greatest in oats (0.85), with that in maize grain (0.72) and wheat (0.79) being intermediate. For producers where availability of maize grain for dairy cow rations is limited, such as in WA, these results indicated that NaOH wheat and Maximize may be considered as alternative starch sources to increase post-ruminal digestion of starch, although the magnitude of this increase will still not be as great as for maize grain.

Ruminal pH and whole-tract digestibility in dairy cows consuming fresh cut herbage plus concentrates and conserved forage fed either separately or as a partial mixed ration

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Greenwood ◽  
M. J. Auldist ◽  
L. C. Marett ◽  
M. C. Hannah ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Friesian Cows ◽  
In Sacco

The objective of this experiment was to compare ruminal pH and whole-tract digestibility in cows consuming fresh cut herbage plus concentrates and silage or hay fed either separately or as a partial mixed ration (PMR). Fourteen rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian cows that had calved in late winter were housed in metabolism stalls for 9-day experiments in spring (97 days in milk (DIM)) and autumn (237 DIM). All cows were offered 8 kg dry matter (DM)/day of fresh cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) herbage, provided in two equal portions after each milking. Seven cows were assigned to each of two diets: (i) Control: 8.8 kg DM/cow.day milled wheat grain in two equal portions at milking, plus 3.2 kg DM/cow.day perennial ryegrass silage, with all cows receiving the silage portion of their diet after their grain but before their fresh herbage at the afternoon milking; and (ii) PMR: 12 kg DM/cow.day of a PMR containing similar ME as the Control supplements, but comprising maize grain, maize silage, wheat grain, lucerne hay (spring) and pasture silage (autumn). Intake and faecal output was measured on 5 days during each experiment, and ruminal pH was measured every 2 h for a 24-h period. Degradability of wheat and maize grain was measured using standard in sacco techniques. In both experiments, cows fed PMR had higher ruminal fluid pH than Control cows for at least part of the day. Apparent whole-tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre and starch were greater for Control than PMR cows in spring and not different in autumn (except starch). Ruminal pH was increased by feeding a maize-based PMR but this was not associated with increased whole-tract digestibility. We conclude that the ruminal pH in the Control cows was not low enough for long enough to compromise digestion, or that there was compensatory post-ruminal digestion.

Responses in milk yield from feeding grain and meat-and-bone meal to cows grazing tropical pastures

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
D Williams ◽  
WN Orr ◽  
AT Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Friesian Cows

An experiment was conducted with 36 Holstein-Friesian cows to determine the effect on milk yield and milk composition of feeding maize grain with or without meat-and-bone meal (MBM) at high levels of pasture on offer. Cows were offered ground maize with and without MBM to give supplements of 3.0, 5.5 and 8.0 kg DM/day at 16% or 10% crude protein. Animals grazed nitrogen-fertilised tropical grass and grass-legume pastures. Milk production was recorded over a 300-day lactation. Milk yields over 300 days at 3.0, 5.5 and 8.0 kg DM/day averaged 5435, 5605 and 5882 kg/cow, respectively. For milk yields over both 100 and 300 days, a linear response to grain supplement occurred. This represented 0.22 kg milk/kg DM (P<0.05) for the first 100 days, and 0.30 kg milk/kg DM (P=0.087) over the 300-day lactation. Cows receiving MBM tended to lose less (P=0.068) liveweight in the period 1-100 days and to gain more (P=0.054) between 100 and 300 days than cows without MBM. Milk yields across treatments for cows fed with and without MBM averaged 2143 and 2061 kg/cow (P>0.05) for days 1-100, and 5668 and 5614 kg/cow (P>0.05) for days 1-300 of lactation.

scholarly journals Effect of Basal Diet on Sheep Rumen Degradability of Different Feedstuffs

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
M.A. Chaso ◽  
T. Manso ◽  
F.J. Giráldez ◽  
A.R. Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
In Sacco

The provision of grain supplements to ruminants provide extra fermentable organic matter for the rumen microbial biomass, but often results in a lower whole efficient of ruminal digestion (Obaraet al., 1991; Weakleyet al., 1983). The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different basal diets on rumen degradability of several feedstuffs.Ruminal digestion of three feedstuffs - soybean meal (SBM), lucerne hay (LH) and barley straw (BS) - was determined byin saccomethod according a 2 × 3 factorial design defined by 2 basal diets - lucerne hay (H) or lucerne hay plus barley (40:60; HB) - and three churra ewes fitted with ruminal cannula.

Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
A.B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Friesian Cows

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.

CHROMIC OXIDE IN DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES WITH LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
A. L. Hoogendoorn ◽  
C. M. Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in paper pellets was used as an indicator for digestibility studies with four Holstein-Friesian cows fed rations composed of different roughage to concentrate ratios. Cows A and B received one pellet, or 3.46 g of Cr2O3, whereas cows C and D received three pellets, or 10.38 g of Cr2O3, daily.Recovery of Cr2O3 in the feces varied from 84 to 103% for animals A and B and from 92 to 95% for animals C and D. The coefficients of apparent digestion of dry matter were lower (P < 0.01) when the Cr2O3 method was used instead of the conventional method. When samples were taken at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours, the Cr2O3 method gave average estimates of digestibility for animal pairs A, B and C, D that were 94.2 and 97.5% of those obtained by the conventional method. Standard deviations for both the Cr2O3 and conventional methods were relatively high.Excretion patterns of Cr2O3 were not signicantly correlated with those of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium. The average concentrations of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium in compounded feces samples collected at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours were 101.3, 100.6 and 96.7% of those in samples of the total excretions.The daily administration of 10.38 g of Cr2O3 at 0900 hours for eight days, and the collection of fecal grab samples at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours daily during the last five days seemed satisfactory for estimating apparent digestibility of dry matter.

scholarly journals Effect of a metabolically created systemic acidosis on calcium homeostasis and the diurnal variation in urine pH in the non-lactating pregnant dairy cow

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Roche ◽  
Dawn E Dalley ◽  
Frank P O'Mara
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Urinary Hydroxyproline ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Reducing the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been shown to be an effective means of preventing parturient paresis in confinement systems where cows are offered a total mixed ration containing DCAD-reducing mineral compounds (anionic salts). Such a supplementation strategy is not possible in cows being group fed forages precalving, and little is known about the effect of supplementing these cows with large amounts of anionic salts twice daily.Eight non-lactating, pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to two levels of DCAD (−20 and +18 meq/100 g DM) for 24 d, with an intensive Ca balance undertaken in metabolism stalls following a 2-week acclimatization to diet. The basal diet was 3 kg DM of crushed barley and 7 kg DM of pasture-hay. Urine and faeces were collected separately, weighed daily for 5 d and analysed for Ca content. Urinary Ca, creatinine and hydroxyproline concentration and plasma Ca concentration were determined during the period of the balance study. The diurnal pattern in urine and rumen pH was determined over 2 d. Decreasing DCAD reduced (P<0·001) the pH of urine, and increased (P<0·05) Ca absorption. Plasma Ca concentration was not affected by DCAD, and DCAD did not affect the output of urinary hydroxyproline, a marker of bone resorption. Twice-daily supplementation of anionic salts was sufficient to reduce the pH of blood and increase gastrointestinal Ca absorption. There was no diurnal variation in the pH of urine, suggesting that time of sampling to determine efficacy of DCAD in reducing systemic pH was not important.

scholarly journals Effect of substituting maize grain with cobs treated with combinations of urea and wood ash on chemical composition and in sacco degradability

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
A. Abdulazeez ◽  
O. R. Madibela ◽  
C. M. Tsopito
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Composition Chimique ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Cobs ◽  
In Sacco Degradability ◽  
In Sacco

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of substituting maize grain with maize cobs treated with 25% urea (U) plus 75% wood ash (WA) on chemical composition and in sacco degradability. Maize grain was substituted with graded levels of 25U75WA in the dietary ingredients and the treatments were: 100M = 100% maize grain, 66M34C = 66% maize grain plus 34% treated maize cobs, 34M66C = 34% maize grain plus 66% treated maize cobs and 100C = 100% treated maize cobs. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL); they were incubated in saccofor 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs and their DM degradation kinetics described using the equation y = a + b ct (1- e- ). Results indicated that as maize grain is substituted with treated maize cobs, NDF, ADF and ADL also increased, however only the neutral detergent soluble (NDS) for treatment 100C was reduced. At 72 hrs of incubation, treatment 34M66C had the highest DM degradation, rapidly soluble fraction 'a' and potential degradability 'a+b'. It was concluded that maize cobs treated with combinations of urea and WA could substitute 66% of maize grain in sheep diets.     Une expérience a été menée pour déterminer l'effet de la substitution du grain de maïs par des épis de maïs traités avec 25 % d'urée (U) plus 75 % de cendre de bois (WA) sur la composition chimique et la dégradabilité du sac. Le grain de maïs a été remplacé par des niveaux gradués de 25U75WA dans les ingrédients alimentaires et les traitements étaient : et 100C = 100 % d'épis de maïs traités. Les échantillons ont été analysés pour la matière sèche (MS), la matière organique (MO), les cendres, les protéines brutes (CP), les fibres au détergent neutre (NDF), les fibres au détergent acide (ADF) et la lignine au détergent acide (ADL) ; ils ont été incubés dans sacco pour 6, 12, 24, 48 et 72 heures et leur cinétique de dégradation de la matière sèche décrite en utilisant l'équation y = a + b (1-e-ct). Les résultats ont indiqué que lorsque le grain de maïs est remplacé par des épis de maïs traités, NDF, ADF et ADL ont également augmenté, mais que seul le détergent neutre soluble (NDS) pour le traitement 100C a été réduit. À 72 heures d'incubation, le traitement 34M66C présentait la plus forte dégradation de MS, la fraction rapidement soluble « a » et la dégradabilité potentielle « a+b ». Il a été conclu que les épis de maïs traités avec des combinaisons d'urée et d'AO pouvaient remplacer 66% des grains de maïs dans l'alimentation des moutons.

The relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrate ration on intake and yields of milk constituents by autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
R.D. Baker ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

The response in yields of milk constituents to increases in the amounts of standard dairy concentrate (SC, 200 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) given to cows consuming grass silage ad libitum were reported recently (Aston et al 1991; Baker et al 1991). A change of level however adjusts the supply of both energy and CP. Previous work also showed .linear responses in silage intake and milk and milk protein yields when CP was increased in a fixed ration of concentrate of constant energy value. In this trial energy and CP levels were varied Independently. The objective was to separate the effects of energy on the performance of lactating cows from those of CP.

scholarly journals Effect of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Level on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Production, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Constantine Bakyusa Katongole ◽  
Tianhai Yan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Friesian Cows

The effect of dietary crude protein (CP) level on intake, digestibility, milk production, and nitrogen (N) use efficiency was studied. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian cows (17 multiparous and seven primiparous) were grouped by parity, days in milk, milk yield, and live weight into six blocks of four, and randomly assigned to four total mixed ration (TMR) treatments, containing 141, 151, 177, or 210 g CP/kg dry matter (DM), over 28 day experimental periods. Apparent total-tract DM and fiber digestibilities and milk fat composition were similar across treatments. Milk protein and urea-N compositions, and urinary and manure N excretion increased linearly, while milk N efficiency (MNE) decreased linearly with increasing CP. DM intake was highest with the 177 diet, while CP intake increased linearly with increasing CP, peaking at 200 g/kg DM. Milk yield increased with CP intake for the three lower CP levels, peaking at 176 g CP/kg DM. The further increase in CP level from 177 to 210 g/kg DM did not result in improved milk yield, but resulted in decreased milk N secretion and increased urinary N excretion. In summary, milk protein composition increased linearly with increasing CP, accompanied by a linear decrease in MNE, resulting in a bell-shaped relationship between milk yield and dietary CP level.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

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