The influence of dietary energy intake on growth performance and tissue deposition in pigs between 80 and 120 kg liveweight

Eighty crossbred pigs of a composite genotype were allocated at 80 kg liveweight to a 2 × 5 factorial experiment involving 2 sexes (boars and gilts) and 5 levels of dietary energy intake ranging from about 55% estimated ad libitum up to 100% ad libitum intake. The diet was formulated to be protein-adequate and contained 14.4 MJ DE/kg and 0.55 g available lysine/MJ DE and the pigs were slaughtered at approximately 120 kg liveweight. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency increased linearly, in response to increasing digestible energy (DE) intake, with boars consistently out-performing gilts at each level of DE intake. Protein deposition rate in the whole empty body of pigs was consistently higher in boars than in gilts and linearly related to DE intake in both sexes, with no evidence of a plateau at high energy intakes, suggesting no intrinsic limit to protein deposition in these pigs up to 120 kg liveweight. When pigs were offered the protein-adequate diet ad libitum between 80 and 120 kg liveweight, boars and gilts consumed 47.7 and 40.9 MJ DE/day, respectively, and protein deposition rates in the whole empty body of pigs reached 247 and 182 g/day, respectively. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated to be 351 kJ DE/kg0.75.day for both boars and gilts [maximal model; including nominal DE level (treated as a 5-level factor), actual DE intake (treated as a continuous variable), and sex (treated as a 2-level factor)] or 506 and 566 kJ DE/kg0.75.day for boars and gilts, respectively [reduced model; including actual DE intake (treated as a continuous variable) and sex (treated as a 2-level factor)]. Statistical analyses show that the maximal model reflects the data more closely than the minimal model, suggesting that the lower maintenance estimate of 351 kJ DE/kg0.75.day could reflect reality better. In conclusion, genetically improved boars, and to a lesser extent gilts, have a high capacity for lean growth, and their upper limit to protein retention might not be reached below about 120 kg liveweight.

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Metabolic interactions between surplus dietary energy intake and cigarette smoking or its cessation

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e1023 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (6) ◽

pp. E1023-E1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. A. Neese ◽

N. L. Benowitz ◽

R. Hoh ◽

D. Faix ◽

A. LaBua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Excess Energy ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Ad Libitum

Cigarette smoking (CS) alters lipid metabolism and is associated clinically with an atherogenic lipid profile. We recently showed that, under controlled eucaloric dietary conditions, CS stimulates lipolysis without increasing oxidation of fat and that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesize or store fat. We asked here whether the ad libitum intake of surplus dietary energy interacts with the metabolic effects of CS or its cessation. Eight male heavy smokers were allowed ad libitum food intake in a metabolic ward, 1 wk in CS phase and 1 wk in non-CS phase, followed by 4 wk of outpatient non-CS and a repeat 7-day study. De novo hepatic lipogenesis (DNL), lipolysis, substrate cycling of free fatty acids (FFA), hepatic glucose production, and energy expenditure were measured by using a multiple stable-isotope infusion protocol and indirect calorimetry. Surplus dietary energy intake (> 150% of predicted energy needs) occurred in five of eight subjects (2 subjs > 5,500 kcal/day, 3 subjs > 4,000 kcal/day) with weight gain of 1–4 kg/wk, but with no difference between CS and non-CS phases. Acute CS significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum FFA concentrations (58%), FFA flux (63%), and glycerol flux (36%); nonsignificantly increased extra-adipocyte (hepatic) esterification of FFA (125%, P = 0.10) and resting energy expenditure (4.1%, P = 0.22); and did not change adipocyte reesterification of FFA or whole body oxidation of fat. Basal metabolic parameters (after overnight abstention from CS) did not differ between phases. Fractional DNL correlated significantly with excess energy intake (r2 = 0.39) and with percentage of total energy needs provided by carbohydrate (r2 = 0.47). The absence or presence of CS did not affect the increase in fractional DNL in subjects with excess energy intake, however. We conclude that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesis or storage of fat, even in the presence of positive short-term energy balance, contrary to previous suggestions. Moreover, stimulation of lipolysis by CS does not increase oxidation of fat and thereby protect against fat deposition under conditions of surplus energy intake. The prevention of weight gain after cessation of CS, whether or not nicotine is provided, should focus on energy balance (calorigenesis as well as intake) rather than specific alterations in lipid metabolism.

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EFFECTS OF DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE AND SEX ON CARCASS TISSUE AND OFFAL GROWTH IN SHEEP

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas83-038 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 303-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. D. M. JONES ◽

T. D. BURGESS ◽

K. DUPCHAK

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Ewe Lambs ◽

Mesenteric Fat ◽

Ad Libitum

Forty crossbred lambs (20 rams, 20 ewes) were penned in two groups (equal numbers of each sex) and fed a pelleted ration either ad libitum (H) or 70% of expected ad libitum intake (70% H). Ten lambs (5 rams, 5 ewes) from both groups (H and 70% H) were slaughtered after 40 days on feed while the remaining lambs were slaughtered after 61 days on feed. All lambs were measured for carcass leanness using an EMME machine immediately prior to slaughter. The offal components were weighed fresh and the alimentary tract was emptied of digesta. One side of each carcass was broken into four cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) which were further separated into fat, muscle and bone. EMME numbers only marginally increased the amount of explained variation in the prediction of lean weight over that provided by liveweight alone. Growth coefficients between sexes and intake groups (H, 70% H) for the offal components relative to empty body weight were homogeneous, indicating that sex and dietary energy intake did not affect the relative growth of the offal components. Ram lambs had heavier heads and smaller intestines than ewe lambs, but contained less caul and mesenteric fat than ewe lambs at the same empty body weight. Lambs fed H had a greater weight of pelt, liver and caul fat, but had a lower warm carcass weight and less mesenteric fat than lambs fed 70% H at the same empty body weight. Growth coefficients between sexes and intake groups for the carcass tissues relative to physically separated tissue weights (muscle, bone, fat) were homogeneous, which indicated that sex and intake did not affect the relative growth of the carcass tissues. Ram lamb carcasses had a greater weight of muscle in the shoulder and less muscle in the leg than ewe lamb carcasses at the same carcass muscle weight. Dietary energy intake had small but statistically significant effects on carcass muscle distribution. Lambs fed 70% H produced carcasses with proportionally more muscle in the leg and less muscle in the loin and shoulder than lambs fed H at the same carcass muscle weight. Sex and dietary energy intake had minor effects on carcass bone and fat distribution. Key words: Lambs, carcass, offal, fat, EMME

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THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE DURING SUCCESSIVE LACTATIONS ON SOW PROLIFICACY

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas88-029 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 283-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. N. KIRKWOOD ◽

B. N. MITARU ◽

A. D. GOONERATNE ◽

R. BLAIR ◽

P. A. THACKER

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Litter Size ◽

High Energy ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Sow Lactation ◽

Farrowing Rate

From selection prior to the production of their first litters, 101 Yorkshire × Landrace sows were allocated to be ad libitum fed either a control (CE) or high energy diet (HE) during each of four successive lactations. Diets CE and HE supplied 13.7 and 15.6 MJ. DE kg−1, respectively. Sows were treated similarly during each gestation. Although HE sows tended to have a greater digestible energy intake, they lost more weight during each lactation (P < 0.05). Maternal weight gains between each farrowing decreased with successive parities (P < 0.05). Litter size at the second and subsequent farrowings was greater (P < 0.05) for the HE than CE sows. The overall mean litter size for the HE and CE sows was 10.1 and 9.3 piglets, respectively. A similar trend was noted for live births (9.7 vs. 8.9) and numbers weaned (8.3 vs. 7.9). There was no consistent effect of treatment on pig weights at birth or 21 d of lactation. No treatment or parity effects were evident for preweaning pig mortality. The weaning to conception interval was longer for HE sows in the first parity (14.9 vs. 11.1 d), but more CE sows were culled for reproductive problems. No treatment effects were noted for mean interval to conception, proportion mated within 8 d or subsequent farrowing rate in parities 2, 3 or 4. There was no effect of initial gilt breeding weight on the ability to produce up to four litters. It is concluded that low lactation digestible energy intake may limit subsequent litter size. Key words: Sow, lactation, nutrition, reproductive performance

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Effect of energy intake during lactation on nitrogen retention by the sow for 35 days post-weaning

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s030822960001758x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 1988 ◽

pp. 121-121

Author(s):

M. A. Roos ◽

Peter J. Bechtel ◽

Robert A. Easter

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

High Energy ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Soyabean Meal ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

To establish the effect of an Inadequate dietary energy intake during lactation on the repletion of maternal energy and protein stores post-weaning.Forty-two crossbred, multi-parous (parity 2 to 5) sows were randomly assigned to diet on day-1 of lactation based upon ancestry and parity, Diets were (1) high-energy (66.9 MJ/day) and (2) low-energy (33 MJ/day). Lactation diets were prepared with maizestarch and soyabean meal and formulated to provide equal intake of all nutrients except energy during the 28-day lactation. Total daily nutrient intake was achieved in four proportional meals All litters were standardized to nine pigs/litter on day-1 of lactation. On day-14 of lactation, daily milk yield was estimated by the Weight-suckle-welgh method. Sows were weighed on day-1, day-21 and day-28 of 1actation. Maternal weight change was calculated using maternal weight postpartum and at weaning. On day-28 of lactation, ten sows (weight 182 to 258 kg) from each treatment were selected at random and assigned to metaboilsm crates for a 35-day post-weaning nitrogen and energy balance experiment.

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Partitioning of dietary nitrogen between body components and waste in young growing pigs

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v42i1.612 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 37-45

Author(s):

P. Bikker ◽

M.W.A. Verstegen ◽

S. Tamminga

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Energy Levels ◽

High Energy ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Body Protein ◽

Adequate Diet ◽

High Energy Level ◽

Protein Deposition ◽

Dietary Nitrogen

In experiment 1, 90 female pigs were fed, from 20 to 45 kg, at two energy intake levels (2x and 3x maintenance requirement) and 15 protein intakes ranging from 127 to 350 g/day. Protein deposition increased linearly with increasing protein intake until a plateau in deposition was reached at 106 and 126 g/day at the low and high energy level, respectively. Marginal efficiency of utilization of ileal digestible lysine was 0.74 for the two energy levels. In a second experiment, 24 female pigs were fed a protein-adequate diet at six levels of energy intake ranging from 1.7x maintenance to ad libitum. Protein deposition increased from 70 to 172 g/day, with increasing feed intake. The proportion of body protein deposited as lean tissue decreased from 0.62 to 0.55 with increasing feed intake. Consequences of these results for a more sustainable animal production are discussed.

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Misreporting of dietary energy intake in adolescents

Jornal de Pediatria ◽

10.2223/jped.2025 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luana C. dos Santos ◽

Mariana N. Pascoal ◽

Mauro Fisberg ◽

Isa de P. Cintra ◽

Lígia A. Martini

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Intake

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Estimating my equilibrium energy intake during lockdown: very introspective study

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.m4561 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. m4561

Author(s):

R A Lewis

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Saturday Morning ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Body Weight Data ◽

Tuesday Afternoon ◽

Weight Data ◽

At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the daily dietary energy intake for me to maintain a constant body weight. How hard can it be?DesignVery introspective study.SettingAt home. In lockdown. (Except every Tuesday afternoon and Saturday morning, when I went for a run.)ParticipantsMe. n=1.Main outcome measuresMy weight, measured each day.ResultsSleeping, I shed about a kilogram each night (1.07 (SD 0.25) kg). Running 5 km, I shed about half a kilogram (0.57 (SD 0.15) kg). My daily equilibrium energy intake is about 10 000 kJ (10 286 (SD 201) kJ). Every kJ above (or below) 10 000 kJ adds (or subtracts) about 40 mg (35.4 (SD 3.2) mg).ConclusionsBody weight data show persistent variability, even when the screws of control are tightened and tightened.

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