scholarly journals Partitioning of dietary nitrogen between body components and waste in young growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
P. Bikker ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

In experiment 1, 90 female pigs were fed, from 20 to 45 kg, at two energy intake levels (2x and 3x maintenance requirement) and 15 protein intakes ranging from 127 to 350 g/day. Protein deposition increased linearly with increasing protein intake until a plateau in deposition was reached at 106 and 126 g/day at the low and high energy level, respectively. Marginal efficiency of utilization of ileal digestible lysine was 0.74 for the two energy levels. In a second experiment, 24 female pigs were fed a protein-adequate diet at six levels of energy intake ranging from 1.7x maintenance to ad libitum. Protein deposition increased from 70 to 172 g/day, with increasing feed intake. The proportion of body protein deposited as lean tissue decreased from 0.62 to 0.55 with increasing feed intake. Consequences of these results for a more sustainable animal production are discussed.

The influence of dietary energy intake on growth performance and tissue deposition in pigs between 80 and 120 kg liveweight

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. J. Smits ◽  
W. C. Morley ◽  
K. Ronnfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Eighty crossbred pigs of a composite genotype were allocated at 80 kg liveweight to a 2 × 5 factorial experiment involving 2 sexes (boars and gilts) and 5 levels of dietary energy intake ranging from about 55% estimated ad libitum up to 100% ad libitum intake. The diet was formulated to be protein-adequate and contained 14.4 MJ DE/kg and 0.55 g available lysine/MJ DE and the pigs were slaughtered at approximately 120 kg liveweight. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency increased linearly, in response to increasing digestible energy (DE) intake, with boars consistently out-performing gilts at each level of DE intake. Protein deposition rate in the whole empty body of pigs was consistently higher in boars than in gilts and linearly related to DE intake in both sexes, with no evidence of a plateau at high energy intakes, suggesting no intrinsic limit to protein deposition in these pigs up to 120 kg liveweight. When pigs were offered the protein-adequate diet ad libitum between 80 and 120 kg liveweight, boars and gilts consumed 47.7 and 40.9 MJ DE/day, respectively, and protein deposition rates in the whole empty body of pigs reached 247 and 182 g/day, respectively. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated to be 351 kJ DE/kg0.75.day for both boars and gilts [maximal model; including nominal DE level (treated as a 5-level factor), actual DE intake (treated as a continuous variable), and sex (treated as a 2-level factor)] or 506 and 566 kJ DE/kg0.75.day for boars and gilts, respectively [reduced model; including actual DE intake (treated as a continuous variable) and sex (treated as a 2-level factor)]. Statistical analyses show that the maximal model reflects the data more closely than the minimal model, suggesting that the lower maintenance estimate of 351 kJ DE/kg0.75.day could reflect reality better. In conclusion, genetically improved boars, and to a lesser extent gilts, have a high capacity for lean growth, and their upper limit to protein retention might not be reached below about 120 kg liveweight.

Economic values of traits for pig improvement. I. A simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Skorupski ◽  
DJ Garrick ◽  
HT Blair ◽  
WC Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

A computer model simulating life cycle production of a breeding sow and growth performance of her offspring was developed to estimate economic values of reproduction and growth performance traits. A biological growth model, simulating the digestion and metabolism of dietary nitrogen in growing pigs (20 to 85 kg), was part of the life cycle model. The growth model was based on the linear/plateau relationship between daily protein deposition and digestible energy intake. A farrow-to-finish production system, with slaughter pigs marketed at fixed liveweights, was simulated. Input variables were: gilt age at first oestrus, weaning to oestrus interval, number of pigs born alive per litter, and pre-weaning mortality for each parity. Economic inputs included prices of feed ingredients, carcass returns and non-feed costs. The upper limit to body protein deposition rate, mean daily ad libitum digestible energy intake and minimum lipid to protein deposition ratio were assumed the major genetic determinants of pig growth. The model output included average daily gain, ad libitum daily feed intake, backfat thickness, and life cycle reproductive performance and profit. The combined life cycle profit was expressed in the form of an Annualized Present Value. Life cycle profit was calculated for a range of simulated pig genotypes.

Effects of dietary energy levels on ovarian and uterine expression of IGF-1R and EGFR mRNA in prepubertal gilts

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Li Bo ◽  
Zhang He ◽  
Zhang Jing ◽  
Sun Bo-Xing ◽  
Chen Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Epidermal Growth

AbstractNine prepubertal gilts (JunMu No. 1) were randomly allocated into three groups (n=3) and fed with a high-energy diet (Group H), a low-energy diet (Group L), or a moderate-energy diet (Group M) for 14 days. Free access to water was provided throughout the research period. Ovaries and uteri were collected after the energy treatments, and processed for determination of the absolute quantities of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of IGF-1R and EGFR mRNA in ovaries and uteri was significantly ranked as: Group H>Group M>Group L (P<0.05). This result suggests that high energy intake markedly enhanced the ovarian and uterine expression of IGF-1R and EGFR in prepubertal gilts, whereas insufficient energy intake markedly inhibited such expression. IGF-1R and EGFR may be involved in mediating the effects of energy intake on the development of the reproductive system in prepubertal gilts.

The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

Effects of protein and energy intake, body condition, and season on nutrient partitioning and milk production in caribou and reindeer

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 938-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann C. Allaye Chan-McLeod ◽  
Robert G. White ◽  
Dan F. Holleman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Lactating Females

We used captive caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to study the effects of energy intake, protein intake, dietary protein:energy ratio, date, and body condition on (i) body fat versus body protein deposition and (ii) maternal tissue deposition versus milk production. Energy intake was the only variable significantly affecting body mass (BM) changes in either breeding or nonbreeding adult females. Lactating and nonlactating females had comparable efficiency coefficients for net energy retention (60 and 65%, respectively), but the daily maintenance requirement for lactating females (457 kJ/BM0.75) was twice that for nonlactating individuals (232 kJ/BM0.75). In both lactating and nonlactating females, the proportion of tissue deposited as fat rather than protein increased between spring and fall but decreased with increasing fatness. Energy intake increased protein deposition in lactating females but increased fat deposition in nonlactating females. Milk water volume increased with maternal energy intake and decreased with calf age. However, production of milk dry matter, milk fat, and milk energy were not affected by maternal energy or protein intake, maternal body condition, or calf age. Production of milk lactose correlated with maternal energy intake, while production of milk protein correlated with the maternal dietary protein:energy ratio.

Effect of feed intake on protein and energy retention of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
D S Rao ◽  
K J McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

The daily rate of lean deposition achieved by growing pigs is a function of a wide range of factors including genotype, gender, liveweight and intake of energy/protein. The review of ARC (1981) highlighted the controversy surrounding the effects of liveweight and energy intake on lean deposition. Recent publications suggest that there are interactions between these factors and also with genotype. In contrast to the linear/plateau relationship between energy intake and protein deposition proposed by Whittemore and Fawcett (1976), Campbell and Taverner (1988) observed a linear response in protein deposition up to the highest energy intake achieved, with pigs of improved genotype. The slope of the relationship was much greater than that observed in previous studies (ARC 1981). In a recent experiment, McCracken and Rao (1989) have shown that high-lean pedigree boars can achieve protein deposition rates as high as 200 g/d over the liveweight range of 33 to 88 kg. At present there is no published information on the response of such pigs to energy intake though the low rates of fat deposition observed suggest that energy intake could be limiting protein deposition. The experiment described below was designed to measure the response of protein deposition to energy intake at a series of liveweights between 33 and 88 kg. The diet and the treatments were chosen to obtain a wide range of energy intakes above and below those observed with dry, pelleted diets.

The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
C.C. Emmans ◽  
C.T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Different Levels

On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.

Performance and carcass characteristics of intact and castrated male Black goat kids fed diets of various energy levels

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Abdullah ◽  
F. T. Awawdeh ◽  
H. S. Musallam ◽  
H. H. Titi ◽  
B. S. Obeidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Black Goat

Thirty Black goat male kids were used in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of three dietary energy levels (EL) and early castration (TRT) on growth performance, body and carcass characteristics. Upon weaning at 90 days of age, kids were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 10: five intact and five castrated) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments containing 15% CP and different energy levels: low (LEL; 10.44 MJ ME/kg DM), medium (MEL; 11.60 MJ ME/kg DM) and high energy (HEL; 12.90 MJ ME/kg DM). Kids were individually fed on an ad libitum basis and were slaughtered at the end of the fattening period. Results showed no differences between castrated and intact kids in feed and nutrient intake. The level of dietary energy affected dry matter intake (P < 0.05), metabolisable energy intake (P < 0.01), crude protein intake (P < 0.05), neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre intakes (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake was 280, 305 and 264 g/kg W0.75.day for kids receiving LEL, MEL and HEL diets, respectively. Metabolisable energy intake was the highest for kids receiving the MEL diet (0.90 Mcal/kg W0.75.day) compared with LEL (0.73 Mcal/ kg W0.75.day) and HEL (0.88 Mcal/kg W0.75.day) diets. Final liveweight and average daily gain (ADG) were greater (P < 0.01) in MEL diets. Kids fed MEL gained 133 g/day, while ADG values were 92 and 100 g/day for kids fed LEL and HEL diets, respectively. Total muscle percentage was greater (P < 0.05) for kids fed MEL diets (55.9%) compared with LEL (53.8%) and HEL (51.1%) diets. Castrated kids had lower (P < 0.01) carcass muscle percentage, but higher carcass (P < 0.01) and subcutaneous (P < 0.001) fat percentages than intact kids. It can be concluded that the best growth performance was observed in kids receiving the MEL with no differences between castrated and intact kids. Castration influenced accretion of fat in castrated kids.

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