scholarly journals Phosphorus is a critical factor of the in vitro monoxenic culture method for a wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi culture collections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takumi Sato ◽  
Kenta Suzuki ◽  
Erika Usui ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractEstablishing an effective way to propagate a wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi species is desirable for mycorrhizal research and agricultural applications. Although the success of mycorrhizal formation is required for spore production of AM fungi, the critical factors for its construction in the in vitro monoxenic culture protocol remain to be identified. In this study, we evaluated the growth of hairy roots from carrot, flax, and chicory, and investigated the effects of the phosphorus (P) concentration in the mother plate, as well as the levels of P, sucrose, and macronutrients in a cocultivation plate with a hairy root, amount of medium of the cocultivation plate, and location of spore inoculation, by utilizing the Bayesian information criterion model selection with greater than 800 units of data. We found that the flax hairy root was suitable for in vitro monoxenic culture, and that the concentration of P in the cocultivation plate was a critical factor for mycorrhizal formation. We showed that an extremely low concentration of P (3 μM) significantly improved mycorrhizal formation for AM fungi belonging to the Glomerales order, while a high concentration of P (30 μM) was suitable for Diversisporales fungi. Therefore, we anticipate that the refining the P concentration will contribute to future culture collections of a wide range of AM fungi.

scholarly journals Establishing monoxenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices through root organ culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Srinivasan ◽  
K. Kumar ◽  
K. Kumutha ◽  
P. Marimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Traditional System

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are soil fungi distributed worldwide, forming symbiosis with most of the vascular plants for their growth and survival, which is used for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management. This study investigated the establishment of monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices in association with transformed carrot hairy root. The G.intraradices spores were isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere by wet sieving and decanting technique and propagated in open pot culture. Transformation in to carrot hairy root was done using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Surface sterilization of G.intraradices spores co-cultured with transformed carrot hairy root in Modified Strulla and Romand (MSR) medium was found the host root growth as well as for germination AM spores. After three months of incubation in dark condition, significant production of extensive hyphal growth on MSR medium and an average of 8500-9000 spores per petri dish was observed. The in vitro inoculum exhibited higher potential of root colonization due to numerous intraradices mycelium with extensive spore load. The produced monoxenic inoculum can be used in place of traditional system where it has a advantage of producing contaminant free propagulas. Thus the monoxenic culture system, a powerful tool, of AM sporulation, can be used for the mass production of monoxenic inoculum of AM fungi besides studying its biology.

Optimizing Carrot Hairy Root Production for Monoxenic Culture of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Iran

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.R. Danesh . ◽  
E. Mohammadi Goltape . ◽  
A. Alizadeh . ◽  
M. Modarres Sanavy .
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Monoxenic Culture

scholarly journals A review of the interaction of medicinal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 12454
Author(s):  
Rui-Ting SUN ◽  
Ze-Zhi ZHANG ◽  
Nong ZHOU ◽  
A.K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
Kamil KUČA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Clinical Drugs

Medicinal plants are well known to have the advantages of high concentration of medicinal ingredients having clinical importance, curative value, small toxic and side effects. Important compounds viz., paclitaxel, camptothecin, and vincristine have been developed from medicinal plants as first-line of clinical drugs, leading to their consistently increasing demand globally. However, the destruction of natural environment due to excessive mining threatened such resources jeopardizing the successful growing of medicinal plants. A group of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is known to exist in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants, which can establish a reciprocal symbiosis with their roots, namely arbuscular mycorrhizas. These AM fungi are pivotal in the habitat adaptation of medicinal plants. Studies have demonstrated that AM fungi aided in growth promotion and nutrient absorption of medicinal plants, thereby, accelerating the accumulation of medicinal ingredients and aiding resistance against abiotic stresses such as drought, low temperature, and salinity. An AM-like fungus Piriformospora indica is known to be cultured in vitro without roots, later showed analogous effects of AM fungi on medicinal plants. These fungi provide new mechanistic pathways towards the artificial cultivation of medicinal plants loaded with ingredients in huge demand in international market. This review provides an overview of the diversity of AM fungi inhabiting the rhizosphere of medicinal plants, and analyzes the functioning of AM fungi and P. indica, coupled with future lines of research.

scholarly journals In-depth phylogenomic analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi based on a comprehensive set of de novo genome assemblies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merce Montoliu-Nerin ◽  
Marisol Sánchez-García ◽  
Claudia Bergin ◽  
Verena Esther Kutschera ◽  
Hanna Johannesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genome Assemblies

Morphological characters and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) phylogenies have so far been the basis of the current classifications of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Improved understanding of the phylogeny and evolutionary history of AM fungi requires extensive ortholog sampling and analyses of genome and transcriptome data from a wide range of taxa. To circumvent the need for axenic culturing of AM fungi we gathered and combined genomic data from single nuclei to generate de novo genome assemblies covering seven families of AM fungi. Comparative analysis of the previously published Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 assembly confirm that our novel workflow generates high-quality genome assemblies suitable for phylogenomic analysis. Predicted genes of our assemblies, together with published protein sequences of AM fungi and their sister clades, were used for phylogenomic analyses. Based on analyses of sets of orthologous genes, we highlight three alternative topologies among families of AM fungi. In the main topology, Glomerales is polyphyletic and Claroideoglomeraceae, is the basal sister group to Glomeraceae and Diversisporales. Our results support family level classification from previous phylogenetic studies. New evolutionary relationships among families where highlighted with phylogenomic analysis using the hitherto most extensive taxon sampling for AM fungi.

scholarly journals Optimising production of carrot hairy roots

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
H.J. Ridgway ◽  
J. Kandula ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Positive Effect

This research describes the production of carrot hairy roots for monoxenic culture of New Zealand arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Induction of hairy roots on mature carrot root sections was carried out using Agrobacterium rhizogenes isolate A4T that had been grown in either LauriaBertani (/ acetosyringone) or Yeast Mannitol medium (24 or 48 h incubation) Results showed both methods could initiate hairy root production The source of the carrots was one of the most important factors with mature freshly harvested carrots showing better hairy root production compared to coolstored carrots Dissection of the cortex to expose the cambium had a positive effect on the least optimal treatment

scholarly journals In-depth Phylogenomic Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Based on a Comprehensive Set of de novo Genome Assemblies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merce Montoliu-Nerin ◽  
Marisol Sánchez-García ◽  
Claudia Bergin ◽  
Verena Esther Kutschera ◽  
Hanna Johannesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genome Assemblies

Morphological characters and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) phylogenies have so far been the basis of the current classifications of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Improved understanding of the evolutionary history of AM fungi requires extensive ortholog sampling and analyses of genome and transcriptome data from a wide range of taxa. To circumvent the need for axenic culturing of AM fungi we gathered and combined genomic data from single nuclei to generate de novo genome assemblies covering seven families of AM fungi. We successfully sequenced the genomes of 15 AM fungal species for which genome data was not previously available. Comparative analysis of the previously published Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 assembly confirm that our novel workflow generates genome assemblies suitable for phylogenomic analysis. Predicted genes of our assemblies, together with published protein sequences of AM fungi and their sister clades, were used for phylogenomic analyses. We evaluated the phylogenetic placement of Glomeromycota in relation to its sister phyla (Mucoromycota and Mortierellomycota), and found no support to reject a polytomy. Finally, we explored the phylogenetic relationships within Glomeromycota. Our results support family level classification from previous phylogenetic studies, and the polyphyly of the order Glomerales with Claroideoglomeraceae as the sister group to Glomeraceae and Diversisporales.

Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for production systems: science meets business

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1264-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Gianinazzi ◽  
Miroslav Vosátka
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Industrial Activity

The development of an industrial activity producing microbial inocula is a complex procedure that involves for companies not only the development of the necessary biotechnological know-how, but also the ability to respond to the specifically related legal, ethical, educational, and commercial requirements. At present, commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inocula are produced in nursery plots, containers with different substrates and plants, aeroponic systems, or, more recently, in vitro. Different formulated products are available on the market, which creates the need for the establishment of standards for widely accepted quality control. Progress should be made towards registration procedures that stimulate the development of the mycorrhizal industry. Biotechnology science linked to this industrial activity needs to be reinforced, particularly with regards to (i) the development of molecular probes for monitoring arbuscular mycorrhizal inocula in the field, (ii) increasing knowledge on the ecophysiology of AM fungi in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems and on the interactions of AM fungi with other rhizosphere microbes, and (iii) selection of new plant varieties with enhanced mycorrhizal traits and of AM fungi with new symbiotic traits. However, one of the main tasks for both producers and researchers is to raise awareness in the public about potentials of mycorrhizal technology for sustainable plant production and soil conservation.Key words: Glomeromycota, biotechnology, quality control, legal aspects, commercial aspects.

scholarly journals Growth responses of sugarcane to mycorrhizal spore density and phosphorus rate

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Kelly ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
R. C. Magarey
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
P Concentration

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mg P/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Efficiency and bioavailability of new synthetic strigolactone mimics with potential for sustainable agronomical applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Borghi ◽  
Claudio Screpanti ◽  
Alexandre Lumbroso ◽  
Mathilde Lachia ◽  
Christian Gübeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Hyphal Branching ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Abstract Purpose Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in agriculture because of their ability to improve plant resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses. AMF as a technology to promote a more sustainable agriculture holds great potential, yet many factors affect the efficiency of this plant-microbe symbiosis leading to inconsistency in performance. The beneficial symbiosis between plants and AM fungi, also-known-as the mycorrhiza is promoted by strigolactones (SLs), carotenoid derivatives active as phytohormones and rhizosphere signals. Natural SLs are effective at extremely low concentrations, however their bioavailability in soil is scarce because their biosynthesis and exudation are plant-regulated, their degradation is fast and their mobility in soil is limited. Methods Through a broad synthetic chemistry approach, we explored how structurally diverse SL derivatives could improve hyphal branching of Gigaspora spp AMF under laboratory conditions and thus possibly boost mycorrhization into soil. Results We tested twenty-six different derivatives and we could highlight structural enhancements to promote hyphal branching of in vitro germinated AMF spores at equal, and in some cases higher levels compared to natural SLs. A subset of these derivatives was tested for bioavailability, but no clear correlation was found with their activity on hyphal branching. Conclusion This study suggests that we could use a targeted, chemical-design approach to synthetize new SL derivatives to enable enhanced promotion of mycorrhization and potentially enhanced bioavailability compared to natural SLs. Due to the roles of AMF in crop production systems, these results highlight new innovative approaches to promote sustainable agriculture.

scholarly journals Expression Analysis of the First Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Aquaporin Described Reveals Concerted Gene Expression Between Salt-Stressed and Nonstressed Mycelium

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Aroca ◽  
Alberto Bago ◽  
Moira Sutka ◽  
José Antonio Paz ◽  
Custodia Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Host Root ◽  
Soil Water Resources

Roots of most plants in nature are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Among the beneficial effects of this symbiosis to the host plant is the transport of water by the AM mycelium from inaccessible soil water resources to host roots. Here, an aquaporin (water channel) gene from an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices), which was named GintAQP1, is reported for the first time. From experiments in different colonized host roots growing under several environmental conditions, it seems that GintAQP1 gene expression is regulated in a compensatory way regarding host root aquaporin expression. At the same time, from in vitro experiments, it was shown that a signaling communication between NaCl-treated mycelium and untreated mycelium took place in order to regulate gene expression of both GintAQP1 and host root aquaporins. This communication could be involved in the transport of water from osmotically favorable growing mycelium or host roots to salt-stressed tissues.

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