Variation in early phosphorus-uptake efficiency among wheat genotypes grown on two contrasting Australian soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingtan Liao ◽  
Peter J. Hocking ◽  
Bei Dong ◽  
Emmanuel Delhaize ◽  
Alan E Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Biomass Potential

Seedlings from 198 wheat genotypes were screened in glasshouse trials for early biomass production (49 days after sowing, DAS) in a soil high in total phosphorus (P) but low in plant-available P. Fifteen hexaploid bread wheats were then examined more closely for early biomass production on 2 low-P soils: a highly P-fixing Ferrosol (1.3 mg resin-extractable P/kg) and a Red Kandosol (5.2 mg resin-extractable P/kg). The soils were either unamended for P or supplemented with sufficient P for maximum growth. Single lines of rye, triticale, and durum wheat were included for comparison. The plants were harvested at 21 and 35 DAS, and shoot biomass, root biomass, P content, and root length were measured. Shoot biomass was correlated with the P content of the seed in both unamended soils at the first harvest but only in the Ferrosol at the second harvest. There were no correlations between seed P and shoot biomass in the high-P treatments at either harvest. Genotypes were compared with one another by plotting shoot biomass from the high-P treatment against shoot biomass from the low-P treatment. Phosphorus-efficient genotypes were defined as those with relatively greater biomass at low P, while genotypes with a high biomass potential were defined as those able to accumulate relatively more biomass at high P. Two hexaploid wheats, Kukri and Vigour 18, were ranked as being P-efficient genotypes with a high biomass potential on both soils, while Halberd, CD87, and Katepwa were P-inefficient on both soils. Biomass accumulation for each genotype was compared with their root biomass, root : shoot ratio, specific root length and P-uptake efficiency. The strongest correlation across all treatments occurred between shoot biomass and root biomass. We discuss factors that may contribute to the variation in P-uptake efficiency among the genotypes.

scholarly journals Early root development of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. seedlings from seed and stem cutting at nursery stage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Affendy Hassan ◽  
Parveena Balachandran ◽  
Khairiyyah Razanah Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Stem Cutting ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Eucalyptus Pellita ◽  
Root Intensity

Abstract BackgroundEucalyptus is among the important fast-growing species, and is typically managed on short rotation to sustain the production of timber, pulpwood, charcoal, and fire-wood. Macro-propagation using cutting for larger multiplying seedlings is cheaper and efficient instead of clonal seeds for uniform plant material seedling production. However, information on root growth of Eucalyptus pellita at early development from seed and stem cutting of E. pellita seedlings is still lacking. This is probably due to the difficulty in investigation belowground, and also due to methodological problems. With such information, it is useful for forest plantation company management in enhancing the understanding on strategies to optimize yield production with the appropriate agronomic or silvicultural approach in the field planting. Therefore, the objectives of this study were; to compare the root development of two different propagation seedlings of E. pellita; and to study the effect of various nitrogen concentration levels on two types of propagation of E. pellita seedlings. ResultsThe study was conducted using E. pellita seedlings from two types of propagation, namely, seed and stem cuttings, along with three different nitrogen concentrations (0, 50, and 200 kg N ha-1). Shoot biomass, root intensity (RI), total root intensity (TRI), root biomass, root length density (RLD), and specific root length (SRL) were recorded. Dried shoot biomass, RLD and SRL of E. pellita seedlings using stem cutting were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to seed. Whereas, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) for root biomass, TRI and RI between the propagation types of E. pellita seedlings. Conclusions:E. pellita seedlings from stem cutting was greater in terms of root distribution compared to propagation by seeds at the nursery stage, and 50 kg N ha-1 was the optimal nitrogen concentration level from the considered levels to be applied to the E. pellita seedlings. The present study therefore provides more information and understanding on E. pellita for forest plantation companies in producing plant materials using stem cutting in a cost-effective and efficient manner. This would help the forest plantation companies in planning appropriate agronomic management in the future.

Soil phosphorus depletion capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by maize hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
S. H. Begna ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Total P ◽  
Extractable Soil

The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to help their host plant absorb soil P is well known, but little attention has been paid to the effect of AM fungi on soil P depletion capacity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess, under different P levels, the effects of mycorrhizae on extractable soil P and P uptake by maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes. The experiment had three factors, including two mycorrhizal treatments (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal), three P fertilizer rates (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) and three maize hybrids [leafy normal stature (LNS), leafy reduced stature (LRS) and a conventional hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)]. Extractable soil P was determined after 3, 6 and 9 wk of maize growth. Plant biomass, P concentration and total P content were also determined after 9 wk of growth. Fertilization increased soil extractable P, plant biomass, P concentration in plants and total P uptake. In contrast to P3979, the LNS and LRS hybrids had higher biomass and total P content when mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae had less influence on soil extractable P than on total P uptake by plants. The absence of P fertilization increased the importance of AM fungi for P uptake, which markedly reduced soil extractable P under AM plants during growth. This effect was strongest for LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, intermediate for LRS, and not significant for the commercial hybrid P3979, which did not respond to AM inoculation. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, extraradical hyphae, maize hybrid,plant biomass, P uptake, soil extractable P

scholarly journals Barley shoot biomass responds strongly to N:P stoichiometry and intraspecific competition, whereas roots only alter their foraging

2020 ◽  
Vol 453 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Richard van Duijnen ◽  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
N:P Stoichiometry

Abstract Aims Root system responses to the limitation of either nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) are well documented, but how the early root system responds to (co-) limitation of one (N or P) or both in a stoichiometric framework is not well-known. In addition, how intraspecific competition alters plant responses to N:P stoichiometry is understudied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of N:P stoichiometry and competition on root system responses and overall plant performance. Methods Plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown in rhizoboxes for 24 days in the presence or absence of competition (three vs. one plant per rhizobox), and fertilized with different combinations of N:P (low N + low P, low N + high P, high N + low P, and high N + high P). Results Shoot biomass was highest when both N and P were provided in high amounts. In competition, shoot biomass decreased on average by 22%. Total root biomass (per plant) was not affected by N:P stoichiometry and competition but differences were observed in specific root length and root biomass allocation across soil depths. Specific root length depended on the identity of limiting nutrient (N or P) and competition. Plants had higher proportion of root biomass in deeper soil layers under N limitation, while a greater proportion of root biomass was found at the top soil layers under P limitation. Conclusions With low N and P availability during early growth, higher investments in root system development can significantly trade off with aboveground productivity, and strong intraspecific competition can further strengthen such effects.

How Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Impact on Soil Respiration?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 628-631
Author(s):  
Fang Ma ◽  
Shu Juan Zhang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Dan Shan ◽  
Xiao Feng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
P Content

Soil respiration can be altered by changing substance supply, respiratory capacity and the demand for the products. We carried out a field experiment in the northeast of China to understand how inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alters soil respiration in paddy fields. Soil respiration and factors contributing to it were measured for paddy fields either inoculated or non-inoculated with AMF, with or without fertilization. We found that inoculation increased soil respiration, net photosynthesis of rice leaves, N and P content of rice shoots and the abundance of actinomyces and fungi in rhizosphere; while the negative effect was only observed on root biomass. We also found that fertilization decreased the responses of soil respiration, root biomass and the abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere to inoculation. However, it decreased the responses of net photosynthesis, shoot biomass and shoot N and P content to inoculation. Conclusively, AMF inoculation promoted soil respiration by enhancing substrate supply, respiratory capacity and the demand for products; while the impacts of inoculation were weakened by fertilization via respiration capacity and the demand for the products.

scholarly journals Mycorrhiza Reduces Phosphorus Uptake from Struvite in Rye (Secale cereale L.) Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Annabell Schwalb ◽  
Michael Hemkemeyer ◽  
Conor Watson ◽  
Florian Wichern
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Middle Compartment

AbstractTo reduce dependency on inorganic phosphorus (P) fertiliser, secondary P fertilisers such as struvite are becoming more important. However, the P uptake of these new fertilisers by plants is often not known and may be enhanced by plant associated microorganisms. We therefore investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on P uptake in rye (Secale cereale L.), grown in the middle compartment of a box with chambers separated by a 30 µm mesh allowing fungal hyphae but not roots to penetrate. Plants with (AM) or without (control) mycorrhizae (Rhizophagus irregularis) were grown in a P limited sand medium for 72 days. After harvest, plants were analysed for mycorrhizal colonization, shoot and root development and nutrient (P, Ca, Mg) uptake. Further, pH was measured in each compartment. Shoot biomass of both treatments was not different, but root biomass was significantly lower in AM plants. Despite plants of the AM treatment being colonised by mycorrhizae, their P uptake was substantially lower compared to the control treatment, but root nutrient concentration was higher. Even though the pH in the mycorrhizal compartment of the AM treatment was significantly lower compared to the control, water- and CAL-extractable P were similar, indicating little P uptake from this compartment. Extractable P was reduced only in the root compartment of the control, which was associated with a lower pH compared to the AM treatment. In conclusion, mycorrhizae did not increase P uptake from struvite in rye plants. Non-mycorrhizal plants which invested more biomass into roots took up more P. Graphical abstract

Phosphorus diffusion in soils in relation to some edaphic factors and its influence on P uptake by maize and wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Bahl ◽  
N. T. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryLaboratory studies were conducted on four soils to ascertain the effect of P content and texture on the capacity factor (P buffering capacity) of soils and in turn the effect of these factors combined with moisture content of soil on the diffusion coefficient of P (Dp). A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the relationship of Dp with P uptake by maize and wheat. The buffer capacity decreased by the application of P in all four soils. There was a significant negative correlation between buffer capacity and Olsen's extractable P but positive correlation with other soil factors. The relative influence of different soil variables on the buffer capacity was in the order: free iron > percentage clay > exchangeable aluminium. The Dp value increased significantly with applied P, the maximum (3·2-fold over control) being in Tolewal loamy sand. The increase in clay and moisture content of soil also increased the Dp value. The drymatter yield and P uptake was significantly correlated with Dp, the r value being higher at later stages of growth of maize and wheat.

scholarly journals Seed Phosphorus Effects on Rice Seedling Vigour in Soils Differing in Phosphorus Status

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Carolyn A. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Seedling Biomass

A key driver of the current unsustainable global phosphorus (P) cycle is the removal of P from fields in harvested grains. Minimising the concentration of P in grains of staple cereal crops would contribute towards addressing the issue, but it is possible that reducing grain P concentration may impact the vigour of subsequent seedlings. We used a hydroponic method to obtain low- and high-P rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds from plants grown under near-identical conditions, so that any differences in subsequent seedling growth were likely due to differences in seed P concentrations rather than other seed quality differences that may arise from growing mother plants under different conditions. Seedling biomass production and P uptake were then investigated using high- and low-P seed of four rice genotypes in a P-rich soil and a P-deficient soil in a pot study in a glasshouse. In the P-rich soil, with a history of P fertilisation, with P fertiliser banded below seeds at sowing at 20 kg P ha−1 on a pot surface area basis, seedling biomass and P uptake were significantly affected by genotype (p < 0.05) but not by seed P concentration. In the P-deficient Ferralsol, main effects of seed P concentration, genotype and P fertiliser treatment (nil P, banded P fertiliser, broadcast and incorporated P fertiliser) on seedling biomass were all significant (p < 0.01) with, a significant genotype × P fertiliser treatment interaction. Overall, low-P seed produced less biomass than high-P seed (0.059 vs. 0.067 g plant−1) and nil P fertiliser (0.057 g plant−1) resulted in less biomass than banded P fertiliser and broadcast P fertiliser (0.064 and 0.068 g plant−1, respectively). When two genotypes were re-grown in the P-deficient Ferralsol with P fertiliser banded under the seed at 20 kg P ha−1 there was a significant effect of genotype on shoot biomass (p < 0.001) but only a trend towards lower seedling biomass with low P seed compared to high P seed (p = 0.128). Overall, the results suggest that seed P concentration does not affect seedling vigour when external soil P fertility is sufficiently high, but in P-deficient soils seedling biomass production and P uptake can be reduced by 10–20%. Further research is required to determine whether agronomic interventions including seed P priming or biological seed dressings can mitigate any impacts of lower seed P concentration on seedling vigour in P-deficient soils.

Competition and growth of a grass–legume mixture fertilised with nitrogen and phosphorus: effect on nutrient acquisition, root morphology and symbiosis with soil microorganisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Mendoza ◽  
Ileana García ◽  
Daniela Deplama ◽  
Carolina Fernández López
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation

Achieving a fast initial growth is crucial for legumes because grasses grow more rapidly and compete much better with forbs. In a pot experiment with a nutrient-deficient soil, we added nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N + P to pure and mixed stands of Lotus tenuis and Festuca arundinacea and investigated the effects of on plant growth, nutrient uptake and symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobia. Plant yield, N and P acquisition, mycorrhizal colonisation, rhizobial nodulation and root length were measured and root diameter and root surface area were calculated after two harvests. Species responded differently to specific nutrients when grown pure or mixed. Comparing pure with mixed stands in soils fertilised with P and N + P, L. tenuis showed decreased shoot and particularly root biomass, whereas F. arundinacea showed increases in both biomasses. This suggests that the competitiveness of the grass with the legume increased upon P and N + P addition. In mixed stands, F. arundinacea produced 51–64% of the total shoot biomass and 69–74% of the total root biomass with P and N + P, respectively. Root length and root surface area were greater and the roots thinner in F. arundinacea than in L. tenuis. Addition of P and N + P increased rhizobial nodulation in legume roots but decreased mycorrhizal colonisation in both plants. Supply of N does not necessarily favour grasses, whereas P supply favours legumes. Optimisation of P nutrition might help to maximise N inputs into grasslands by symbiotic N-fixation and decrease inputs of inorganic N by fertilisation.

Effect of phosphate solubilising bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae) on phosphorus uptake efficiency in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Saeed Safirzadeh ◽  
Mostafa Chorom ◽  
Naeimeh Enayatizamir
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Available P ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
P Influx

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient in sustainable production of sugarcane. Due to low labile P in soil under sugarcane cultivation, evaluation of the efficiency of P uptake and the application of phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) play important roles in management of P fertiliser. To investigate the effect of using PSB on P uptake in sugarcane (variety CP57–614), a pot experiment was conducted with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The treatments were a combination of three P rates (0 (P0), 50 and 100% (~40 mg kg−1) as triple superphosphate, and two PSB strains (Enterobacter cloacae R13 (R13) and R33 (R33)) which were applied independently and simultaneously. Morphological characteristics of sugarcane and some biochemical parameters were evaluated in the rhizosphere at three harvesting times: 60, 95 and 140 days after planting (DAP). Whereas in low available P (P0), bacterial strain R33 improved P uptake along with sugarcane ageing, P uptake was diminished in non-inoculated treatment over time. Activity of PSBs in the rhizosphere (especially strain R33) prevented the sharp fall of P influx after 95 DAP in low available P condition. Indeed, activity of R33 in the rhizosphere decreased the dependence of P uptake on root development via improving P uptake. Therefore, influx was the main mechanism of P uptake in sugarcane. Sugarcane inoculated by PSBs acquired 76 and 81% of total P uptake from non-Olsen-P fraction in P0R13 and P0R33 respectively at 95 DAP. However, this amount was lower (70.4%) in P0R0. Furthermore, strain R33 improved P uptake efficiency in sugarcane by changing root morphology (e.g. specific root length and root length) and reducing soil limitations (e.g. enhancement of P compound solubility and P influx).

Shoot-to-root ratios and root biomass of cool-season feed crops in a boreal Podzolic soil in Newfoundland

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Kwabiah ◽  
D. Spaner ◽  
A G Todd
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
N Rates

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) crops are grown as feed grains by Newfoundland (NL) dairy farmers. The cereals are either grown as monoculture or intercropped with field pea (Pisum sativum L.) with or without N fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in both 2000 and 2001 to evaluate the shoot-to-root (S:R) weight ratios and root biomass in these production systems. Experiment 1 involved monocultures of pea sown at 150 kg ha-1, and barley and oat each sown at 170 kg ha-1. For pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops, pea was sown at 150 kg ha-1 and each cereal component was sown at either 85 and 170 kg ha-1. The seven treatments were referred to, respectively, as pea150, barley170, oat170, pea150-barley85, pea150-oat85, pea150-barley170, and pea150-oat170. Experiment 2 evaluated factorial combinations of two barley seeding rates of 107 kg ha-1 (low) and 157 kg ha-1 (high) and three N rates (0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1) applied at Zadok’s Growth Stage (ZGS 30). Root biomass was sampled from soil (30-cm depth) and determined at about the anthesis stage of oat and barley and the shoot biomass at maturity (ZGS 90). In exp.1, the S:R ratios of oat170 and pea150-oat85and pea150-oat170 ranged from 8.1 to 8.8 and were lower than barley170, pea150, pea150-barley85and pea150-barley170 which ranged from 10.0 to 12.5. Barley170 had the highest root biomass of 835 kg ha-1 followed by pea150-barley170 (745 kg ha-1) and pea150-oat170 (765 kg ha-1). Intercropping pea with cereals increased root biomas s by 31% for pea150-barley85and 48% for pea150-oat85compared to pea150. However, root biomass increased by 109% for pea150-barley170 and 104% for pea150-oat170, indicating that the cereal component of the intercrops contributed more to the root biomass than the pea at the higher seeding rate of the cereal crop. In exp. 2, the 0 kg N ha-1 rate produced the lowest S:R ratios irrespective of the barley seeding rate. When N was applied, both the shoot biomass and root biomass appeared to be increased at the high barley seeding rate. The feed grain production practice in Newfoundland could affect root biomass production in soil. High cereal seeding rates in either monoculture and intercrop systems are required to maximize root biomass production and therefore increase C inputs into the soil. Key words: Shoot-to-root (S:R) ratios, root biomass, intercrops, barley, oat, pea, seeding rate

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