Early root development of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. seedlings from seed and stem cutting at nursery stage

Abstract BackgroundEucalyptus is among the important fast-growing species, and is typically managed on short rotation to sustain the production of timber, pulpwood, charcoal, and fire-wood. Macro-propagation using cutting for larger multiplying seedlings is cheaper and efficient instead of clonal seeds for uniform plant material seedling production. However, information on root growth of Eucalyptus pellita at early development from seed and stem cutting of E. pellita seedlings is still lacking. This is probably due to the difficulty in investigation belowground, and also due to methodological problems. With such information, it is useful for forest plantation company management in enhancing the understanding on strategies to optimize yield production with the appropriate agronomic or silvicultural approach in the field planting. Therefore, the objectives of this study were; to compare the root development of two different propagation seedlings of E. pellita; and to study the effect of various nitrogen concentration levels on two types of propagation of E. pellita seedlings. ResultsThe study was conducted using E. pellita seedlings from two types of propagation, namely, seed and stem cuttings, along with three different nitrogen concentrations (0, 50, and 200 kg N ha-1). Shoot biomass, root intensity (RI), total root intensity (TRI), root biomass, root length density (RLD), and specific root length (SRL) were recorded. Dried shoot biomass, RLD and SRL of E. pellita seedlings using stem cutting were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to seed. Whereas, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) for root biomass, TRI and RI between the propagation types of E. pellita seedlings. Conclusions:E. pellita seedlings from stem cutting was greater in terms of root distribution compared to propagation by seeds at the nursery stage, and 50 kg N ha-1 was the optimal nitrogen concentration level from the considered levels to be applied to the E. pellita seedlings. The present study therefore provides more information and understanding on E. pellita for forest plantation companies in producing plant materials using stem cutting in a cost-effective and efficient manner. This would help the forest plantation companies in planning appropriate agronomic management in the future.

Download Full-text

Early Root Development of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Seedlings from Seed and Stem Cutting Propagation Methods at Nursery Stage

International Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1155/2021/6624266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Affendy Hassan ◽

Parveena Balachandran ◽

Khairiyyah R. Khamis

Keyword(s):

Root Development ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Stem Cutting ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Different Types ◽

Root Intensity

Macropropagation using cutting for larger multiplying seedlings is cheaper and efficient instead of clonal seeds for uniform plant material seedling production. However, information on root growth of Eucalyptus pellita at early development from seed and stem cutting of E. pellita seedlings is still lacking. With such information, it is useful for forest plantation company management in enhancing the understanding of strategies to optimize yield production with the appropriate agronomic or silvicultural approach in the field of planting. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the root development of two different types of propagation seedlings of E. pellita and to study the effect of various nitrogen concentration levels on two different types of propagation of E. pellita seedlings. The study was conducted using E. pellita seedlings from two different types of propagation, namely, seed and stem cuttings, along with three different nitrogen concentrations (0, 50, and 200 kg N ha−1). Shoot biomass, root intensity (RI), total root intensity (TRI), root biomass, root length density (RLD), and specific root length (SRL) were recorded. Dried shoot biomass, RLD, and SRL of E. pellita seedlings using stem cutting were significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) compared to seed, whereas there were no significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) for root biomass, TRI, and RI between the propagation types of E. pellita seedlings. In conclusion, E. pellita seedlings from stem cutting were greater in terms of root distribution compared to propagation by seeds at the nursery stage, and 50 kg N ha−1 was the optimal nitrogen concentration level from the considered levels to be applied to the E. pellita seedlings.

Download Full-text

Barley shoot biomass responds strongly to N:P stoichiometry and intraspecific competition, whereas roots only alter their foraging

Plant and Soil ◽

10.1007/s11104-020-04626-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 453 (1-2) ◽

pp. 515-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amit Kumar ◽

Richard van Duijnen ◽

Benjamin M. Delory ◽

Rüdiger Reichel ◽

Nicolas Brüggemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Intraspecific Competition ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

P Availability ◽

Soil Layers ◽

N:P Stoichiometry

Abstract Aims Root system responses to the limitation of either nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) are well documented, but how the early root system responds to (co-) limitation of one (N or P) or both in a stoichiometric framework is not well-known. In addition, how intraspecific competition alters plant responses to N:P stoichiometry is understudied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of N:P stoichiometry and competition on root system responses and overall plant performance. Methods Plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown in rhizoboxes for 24 days in the presence or absence of competition (three vs. one plant per rhizobox), and fertilized with different combinations of N:P (low N + low P, low N + high P, high N + low P, and high N + high P). Results Shoot biomass was highest when both N and P were provided in high amounts. In competition, shoot biomass decreased on average by 22%. Total root biomass (per plant) was not affected by N:P stoichiometry and competition but differences were observed in specific root length and root biomass allocation across soil depths. Specific root length depended on the identity of limiting nutrient (N or P) and competition. Plants had higher proportion of root biomass in deeper soil layers under N limitation, while a greater proportion of root biomass was found at the top soil layers under P limitation. Conclusions With low N and P availability during early growth, higher investments in root system development can significantly trade off with aboveground productivity, and strong intraspecific competition can further strengthen such effects.

Download Full-text

Competition and growth of a grass–legume mixture fertilised with nitrogen and phosphorus: effect on nutrient acquisition, root morphology and symbiosis with soil microorganisms

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp15257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 629 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rodolfo Mendoza ◽

Ileana García ◽

Daniela Deplama ◽

Carolina Fernández López

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Root Surface ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

N Fixation ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonisation

Achieving a fast initial growth is crucial for legumes because grasses grow more rapidly and compete much better with forbs. In a pot experiment with a nutrient-deficient soil, we added nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N + P to pure and mixed stands of Lotus tenuis and Festuca arundinacea and investigated the effects of on plant growth, nutrient uptake and symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobia. Plant yield, N and P acquisition, mycorrhizal colonisation, rhizobial nodulation and root length were measured and root diameter and root surface area were calculated after two harvests. Species responded differently to specific nutrients when grown pure or mixed. Comparing pure with mixed stands in soils fertilised with P and N + P, L. tenuis showed decreased shoot and particularly root biomass, whereas F. arundinacea showed increases in both biomasses. This suggests that the competitiveness of the grass with the legume increased upon P and N + P addition. In mixed stands, F. arundinacea produced 51–64% of the total shoot biomass and 69–74% of the total root biomass with P and N + P, respectively. Root length and root surface area were greater and the roots thinner in F. arundinacea than in L. tenuis. Addition of P and N + P increased rhizobial nodulation in legume roots but decreased mycorrhizal colonisation in both plants. Supply of N does not necessarily favour grasses, whereas P supply favours legumes. Optimisation of P nutrition might help to maximise N inputs into grasslands by symbiotic N-fixation and decrease inputs of inorganic N by fertilisation.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of IAA and GA3 producing yeast isolates on growth of tomato crop by spraying under green house

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.15740/has/ijas/17-aaebssd/273-276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽

pp. 273-276

Author(s):

M. Yallappa ◽

B.C. Mallesha ◽

K.R. Rekha ◽

M. Swathi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Plant Root ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Green House ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Number Of Branches ◽

Fresh Root

A green house experiment was carried out at Department of Agricultural Microbiology, GKVK, Bengaluru by use of IAA (MZL -8 and TCL -1) and GA3 (CAL – 1 and ACL- 3) producing yeast isolates on growth of tomato crop by spraying method with 8 treatments and 3 replication. The highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, root length, fresh shoot biomass, dry shoot biomass, fresh root biomass, dry root biomass, IAA and GA3 content, 44.73 cm, 80, 11.40, 14.70 cm, 24.00 g/plant, 11.75 g/plant, 7.98 g/plant, 3.91 g/plant, 1.205 μg/g of leaf and 0.550 μg/g of leaf, respectively by the yeast isolate TCL -1.The least plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, root length, fresh shoot biomass, dry shoot biomass, fresh root biomass, dry root biomass, IAA and GA3 content, 22.20 cm, 55.70, 8.00,9.00 cm, 11.00 g/plant, 6.23 g/plant, 3.67 g/plant, 2.07 g/plant, 0.384 μg/g of leaf and 0.200 μg/g of leaf, respectively was recorded by control (T1) treatment at 50 DAT.

Download Full-text

Root Biomass Distribution with Root and Shoot Development at Different Growth Stages of Wild, Ancient and Modern Wheat Species

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v5i11.1422-1428.1390 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hayati Akman

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Triticum Dicoccoides ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Biomass Distribution ◽

Triticum Spelta ◽

Modern Wheat ◽

Root And Shoot Traits

This study was conducted to investigate root and shoot traits of wild, ancient and modern wheat genotypes belonging to 8 different species at long tubes under field weather conditions. It was found significant differences between genotypes with regard to root and shoot traits. The research results indicated that root biomass distribution of genotypes at GS 31 ad GS 69, respectively was found 59.2% and 56.3% in 0-30 cm, 76.7% and 71.9% in 0-60 cm. Modern wheats (Çeşit 1252, Konya 2002) and Triticum vavilovii (ancient wheat) had high root biomass distribution in top soil. In the study, species with AABBDD genomes had higher root length than those with AABB, AABBGG and AA genomes. Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum had lower values than other genotypes in terms of root length, crown root number, root biomass, shoot biomass and plant height at both growth stages (GS 31 and GS 69), while Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta (hexaploid) took part in the front. Accordingly, Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta may be used in breeding programs to improve new modern cultivars with high root and shoot traits.

Download Full-text

Root Development and Production of a Witchweed (Strigaspp.) Germination Stimulant in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Cultivars

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058100 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 542-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alain Olivier ◽

Gilles D. Leroux

Keyword(s):

Root Development ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Susceptible Cultivar ◽

High Concentration ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Germination Stimulant ◽

High Production ◽

Biomass Ratio ◽

Stimulation Of

Sorghum cultivars were compared for their root development and production of the witchweed germination stimulant sorgoleone. In pot experiments, the resistant cultivar IS-7777 yielded a greater root biomass and root length, but a smaller root length/biomass ratio than the highly susceptible cultivars CK-60B and Bimbiri. Seedlings of these latter two cultivars exuded a high concentration of sorgoleone, while the low-susceptible cultivar IS-14825 exhibited a low production of this compound. In contrast, the low-susceptible cultivar Seguetana Niarabougou exhibited a high production of sorgoleone, while the resistant cultivars IS-7777 and Framida exuded a moderate amount of this compound. These results indicate that witchweed seed avoidance by means of reduced root growth is unlikely to be an important factor involved in the resistance of IS-7777. Low production of sorgoleone could partly explain low susceptibility of IS-14825, but other compounds may play a more significant role in the stimulation of witchweed germination.

Download Full-text

RESPONSE OF CASSAVA TO PROLONGED WATER STRESS IMPOSED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s001447970200306x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 333-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M. A. El-Sharkawy ◽

L. F. Cadavid

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Root Production ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Area Index ◽

Nutrient Use ◽

Use Efficiency

A two-year field trial was conducted to study the effects of prolonged water stress on cassava (Manihot esculenta) productivity, and on nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Four contrasting cultivars were supplied with adequate fertilization and watering, except when water was excluded by covering the soil with plastic sheets for different periods, depending on treatment: from two to six months, four to eight months, or from six to twelve months after planting (early, mid-season and terminal stress respectively). Sequential harvests were made at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months after planting to determine leaf area index and shoot and root biomass. At final harvest, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in shoots and storage roots were determined.During both early and mid-season stress, leaf area index and shoot and root biomass were significantly smaller than those in the controls across all cultivars. After recovery from stress, leaf area index was greatly enhanced with less dry matter allocated to stems, and root yields approached those in the controls. One cultivar, CMC 40, had greater final root yield under stress treatments. Nutrient concentration in roots and shoots was less in all cultivars with early stress and resulted in higher nutrient use efficiency in all elements for root production. The same trend was observed under mid-season stress, except for nitrogen concentration, which remained unchanged.Terminal stress did not affect leaf area index, but reduced the shoot biomass in all cultivars. Final root yields were smaller than those in the controls except for CMC 40 whose final root yield was greater under stress. Nitrogen concentration was greater in root biomass but less in shoot biomass of all cultivars, resulting in lower nitrogen–use efficiency for root production. Across cultivars, only potassium- and magnesium-use efficiencies were greater than in the controls. CMC 40 was the only cultivar with consistently greater use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium for root production under terminal stress. This higher nutrient use efficiency was due, mainly, to a greater root production rather than to smaller nutrient concentration. This cultivar is suitable as a gene source for improving cassava in order to maximize root production per unit nutrient extracted under stressful environmental conditions.

Download Full-text

Green house evaluation of IAA and GA3 producing yeast isolates on growth tomato crop by root dip method

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.15740/has/ijas/17-aaebssd/262-265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽

pp. 262-265

Author(s):

M. Yallappa ◽

B.C. Mallesha ◽

K.R. Rekha ◽

M. Swathi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Plant Root ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Green House ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Number Of Branches ◽

Fresh Root

A green house experiment was conduct by use of IAA (MZL -8 and TCL -1) and GA3 (CAL – 1 and ACL- 3) producing yeast isolates on growth of tomato crop by root dip method with 8 treatments and 3 replication at Department of Agricultural Microbiology, GKVK, Bengaluru. The yeastisolate TCL -1 recorded maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, root length, fresh shoot biomass, dry shoot biomass, fresh root biomass, dry root biomass, IAA and GA3 content, 44.73 cm, 80, 11.40, 14.70 cm, 24.00 g/plant, 11.75 g/plant, 7.98 g/plant, 3.91 g/plant, 1.205 μg/g of leaf and 0.550 μg/g of leaf respectively. The control (T1) recorded Lowest plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, root length, fresh shoot biomass, dry shoot biomass, fresh root biomass, dry root biomass, IAA and GA3 content, 22.20 cm, 55.70, 8.00,9.00 cm, 11.00 g/plant, 6.23 g/plant, 3.67 g/plant, 2.07 g/plant, 0.384 μg/g of leaf and 0.200 μg/g of leaf respectively at 50 DAT.

Download Full-text

Variation in early phosphorus-uptake efficiency among wheat genotypes grown on two contrasting Australian soils

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar06311 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Mingtan Liao ◽

Peter J. Hocking ◽

Bei Dong ◽

Emmanuel Delhaize ◽

Alan E Richardson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Biomass ◽

P Uptake ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

High Biomass ◽

Uptake Efficiency ◽

Extractable P ◽

P Content ◽

Biomass Potential

Seedlings from 198 wheat genotypes were screened in glasshouse trials for early biomass production (49 days after sowing, DAS) in a soil high in total phosphorus (P) but low in plant-available P. Fifteen hexaploid bread wheats were then examined more closely for early biomass production on 2 low-P soils: a highly P-fixing Ferrosol (1.3 mg resin-extractable P/kg) and a Red Kandosol (5.2 mg resin-extractable P/kg). The soils were either unamended for P or supplemented with sufficient P for maximum growth. Single lines of rye, triticale, and durum wheat were included for comparison. The plants were harvested at 21 and 35 DAS, and shoot biomass, root biomass, P content, and root length were measured. Shoot biomass was correlated with the P content of the seed in both unamended soils at the first harvest but only in the Ferrosol at the second harvest. There were no correlations between seed P and shoot biomass in the high-P treatments at either harvest. Genotypes were compared with one another by plotting shoot biomass from the high-P treatment against shoot biomass from the low-P treatment. Phosphorus-efficient genotypes were defined as those with relatively greater biomass at low P, while genotypes with a high biomass potential were defined as those able to accumulate relatively more biomass at high P. Two hexaploid wheats, Kukri and Vigour 18, were ranked as being P-efficient genotypes with a high biomass potential on both soils, while Halberd, CD87, and Katepwa were P-inefficient on both soils. Biomass accumulation for each genotype was compared with their root biomass, root : shoot ratio, specific root length and P-uptake efficiency. The strongest correlation across all treatments occurred between shoot biomass and root biomass. We discuss factors that may contribute to the variation in P-uptake efficiency among the genotypes.

Download Full-text

Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11090943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Katri Nissinen ◽

Virpi Virjamo ◽

Antti Kilpeläinen ◽

Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽

Laura Pikkarainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Growing Season ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Simulated Climate ◽

Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

Download Full-text