Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). III. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between copper concentrations in plant parts and yield

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship of copper supply with copper concentrations in various plant parts and yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 40 and 74 days in pots with four levels of potassium phosphate (0, 13, 39, 65 mg phosphorus/pot) and six levels of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 pg copper/pot) added, in factorial combination, to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and copper. By increasing the phosphorus levels copper deficiency was induced partly by promoting growth and diluting copper concentrations in plants; and also by depressing copper absorption. Increasing phosphorus changed the distribution of copper in plant tops and the shape of curves relating copper concentration in whole plant tops to yield. At 39 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship at Day 74 had a marked 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature, largely as a result of unusually high copper concentrations in the stems plus petioles of severely copper-deficient plants. At 65 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship had no 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature for whole tops and only a relatively small curvature for stems plus petioles. The data suggests that 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curves in subterranean clover result primarily from high concentrations of copper in the stems plus petioles of severely deficient plants. At both harvests, young leaf blades had critical copper concentrations of around 3 �g copper/g at both 39 and 65 mg phosphorus/pot. However, copper-deficient plants with severe phosphorus deficiency did not respond to copper, and generally had copper concentrations below this critical level in all plant parts. The results confirm the value of copper analysis of young leaf blades for diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover with moderately deficient to luxury supplies of phosphorus.

The response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover to temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
BA Carbon ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Phases ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

The objective was to characterize the response of Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak) swards to short-term and to long-term changes in temperature at several stages of plant growth. Short-term responses were studied with microswards growing in boxes in the open and defoliated every week to simulate heavy grazing. At seven stages, one subsample of boxes was harvested and three other subsamples were moved to controlled-temperature glasshouses and grown for 14 days at 10/5° (day/night), 17.5/12.5° and 25/20°C respectively, and then harvested. Dry weights and numbers of plant parts, and areas of leaves, height, light penetration and net carbon dioxide exchange of swards were measured. For long-term responses, young, defoliated microswards were transferred to the above temperatures for 9 weeks and cut weekly. On days 32 (pre-treatment harvest), 53, 74 and 95, tops and roots were harvested. The results support three generalizations. Firstly, severely defoliated subterranean clover pastures respond to temperature between 10/5° and 25/20° in a variety of ways over the whole life cycle. However, temperature is of greater importance as a determinant of dry weight of tops during the post-emergence and reproductive phases than it is during the preflowering phase. Secondly, total growth rate (TGR) after the first 8–10 weeks of growth does not increase at temperatures above 10/5°. And thirdly, even with moderately low LAI values of 1–4, temperatures of 25/20° can inhibit TGR after about 8 weeks of growth. The biological and agricultural implications are discussed.

Effect of waterlogging and soil pH on the micro-distribution of naturalised annual legumes

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gibberd ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment

Variation in the size and composition of the soil seed bank of 3 naturalised legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), and cluster clover (T. glomeratum L.), was related to soil characteristics on a transect that ascended from a winter waterlogged area in a wheatbelt pasture. Growth of the 3 species was compared with other species from section Vesicaria (T. resupinatum and T. clusii) in waterlogged and freely drained pots for 34 days. Of the 3 naturalised legumes present in the transect, cluster clover was rare, and woolly and subterranean clovers were separated on the basis of their response to soil pH and the likelihood of winter waterlogging. Subterranean clover was absent from soil with pH > 7·0; these areas were dominated by woolly clover. Areas with pH < 7·0 were dominated by subterranean clover, except where winter waterlogging was likely, in which case they were once again dominated by woolly clover. The waterlogging tolerance of woolly clover, together with that of other species in section Vesicaria, was confirmed in the pot experiment. After 34 days, shoot dry weight of the waterlogged Vesicaria species was an average of 39% greater than the freely drained controls. Root length continued to increase for the duration of the waterlogging treatment with much of the new root growth as laterals. Conversely, shoot and root growth in subterranean and cluster clovers was severely reduced by waterlogging. The patchy distribution of woolly clover in many wheatbelt pastures can be explained by its response to high pH and winter waterlogging compared with subterranean clover.

scholarly journals Effects of Changes in Boron Nutrition on Growth and Development of Subterranean Clover

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Complete Solutions

In the early stages, boron deficiency had little effect on dry matter accumula-tion by the plant as a whole. Root growth, however, declined significantly and this was accompanied by an accumulation of dry matter in the leaves. At progressive stages of boron deficiency distribution of dry matter to new leaf tissue also became restricted. When plants already deficient in boron were transferred to solutions without boron, increases in dry weight of existing leaves were greater than for the corresponding plants transferred to complete solutions. However, the dry weight of leaves formed after the transfer increased at a much slower rate in the no-boron than in the complete solutions_

Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Substantial Change

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Growth and Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Final Harvest

Growth and development of bigroot morningglory was observed and quantified. Emergence occurred 75 ± 5 growing degree days (GDD) after seeding. Flower and seed production began 630 ± 20 GDD after emergence and continued until the first frost killed the shoots. Seedlings needed approximately 460 GDD of growth to become perennial. In the second year of growth, plants emerged in early May and flowered within 425 ± 50 GDD. Shoot dry weight accumulation in first-year plants was 3.5 g for the first 600 GDD after which a fifteenfold increase in dry weight occurred. Root growth followed the same pattern, however the large increase in dry weight occurred approximately 300 GDD later than that of the shoots. The root:shoot ratio was 0.2 to 0.3 for the first 900 GDD and increased to greater than 1.0 by the final harvest.

Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Haigler ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
James R. Harris ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

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