Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. I. Moisture accumulation under short fallow

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
WE Fox ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Instance Correlations ◽  
Summer Fallow

The accumulation of soil moisture during the period of summer fallow between successive winter crops of wheat has been examined for a number of localities on the Darling Downs, and for the seasons 1951-1954. The moisture gain to a depth of 4 ft between the harvest of one crop and the planting of the succeeding crop ranged from – 0.3 to 5.0 in., with an average of 2.2 in. representing 17 per cent. of the rainfall. Available moisture at planting averaged 4.8 in., the excess of 2.6 in. over fallow gain being due to the available moisture already in the soil at the preceding harvest. In this locality, therefore, moisture accumulation commonly occurs prior to harvest, owing to rainfall in excess of crop requirements at this period. The average values for available moisture at planting mere well below the capacity of these soils for storage to 4 ft. Values following long fallow averaged 6.5 in., and were as high as 9.9 in. in one instance. Correlations have been sought between fallow moisture gain and available moisture at planting, and the associated soil and climatic factors. The more important findings were : (1) Total rainfall during the fallowing period was not correlated with fallow moisture gain. (2) Fallow moisture gain and available moisture at planting were correlated with March-April rain. (3) Fallow moisture gain was correlated negatively with available moisture at the preceding harvest and positively with available moisture at planting. (4) The clay content of the soil and depth of surface mulch were not significantly related to fallow moisture gain nor to available moisture at planting. (5) No significant difference in moisture accumulation was observed between sites stubble-mulched and those stubble-burnt. Explanations in terms of climatic and soil characteristics are offered for the results obtained. Features considered important are the characteristics of the rainfall and the high-evaporation conditions, the low rate of moisture penetration in wet soil, and the high moisture-holding capacity of the surface soil layers.

scholarly journals Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Tavjot Kaur ◽  
Simerpreet Kaur Sehgal ◽  
Satnam Singh ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.

Interval of days required for determining efficient relations between climatic factors and cotton flower and boll production

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakaria M Sawan ◽  
Louis I Hanna ◽  
Willis L McCuistion
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature

The cotton plant (Gossypium spp.) is sensitive to numerous environmental factors. This study was aimed at predicting effects of climatic factors grouped into convenient intervals (in days) on cotton flower and boll production compared with daily observations. Two uniformity field trials using the cotton (G. barbadense L.) cv. Giza 75 were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at the Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Randomly chosen plants were used to record daily numbers of flowers and bolls during the reproductive stage (60 days). During this period, daily air temperature, temperature magnitude, evaporation, surface soil temperature, sunshine duration, humidity, and wind speed were recorded. Data, grouped into intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 d, were correlated with cotton production variables using regression analysis. Evaporation was found to be the most important climatic variable affecting flower and boll production, followed by humidity and sunshine duration. The least important variables were surface soil temperature at 0600 and minimum air temperature. The 5-d interval was found to provide the best correlation with yield parameters. Applying appropriate cultural practices that minimize the deleterious effects of evaporation and humidity could lead to an important improvement in cotton yield in Egypt. Key words: Cotton, flower production, boll production, boll retention

Surface soil clay content mapping at large scales using multispectral (VNIR–SWIR) ASTER data

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1506-1533
Author(s):  
Anis Gasmi ◽  
Cécile Gomez ◽  
Philippe Lagacherie ◽  
Hédi Zouari
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Aster Data ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Soil Clay Content

scholarly journals Depth-Dependent C-N-P Stocks and Stoichiometry in Ultisols Resulting from Conversion of Secondary Forests to Plantations and Driving Forces

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Ding ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Ye Qi ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Dongxiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Significant Difference

Stocks and stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in ultisols are not well documented for converted forests. In this study, Ultisols were sampled in 175 plots from one type of secondary forest and four plantations of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., 1782) in Yunfu, Guangdong province, South China. Five layers of soil were sampled with a distance of 20 cm between two adjacent layers up to a depth of 100 cm. We did not find interactive effects between forest type and soil layer depth on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and storages. Storage of SOC was not different between secondary forests and Eucalypt plantations, but SOC of these two forest types were lower than that in Litchi, Masson pine, and Slash pine plantations. Soil C:P was higher in Slash pine plantations than in secondary forests. Soil CNP showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth. Soil TP did not show any significant difference among soil layers. Soil bulk density had a negative contribution to soil C and P stocks, and longitude and elevation were positive drivers for soil C, N, and P stocks. Overall, Litchi plantations are the only type of plantation that obtained enhanced C storage in 0–100 cm soils and diverse N concentrations among soil layers during the conversion from secondary forests to plantations over ultisols.

scholarly journals Empirical Characterization of Heavy Metals in Crude Oil Spill Sites in Emohua, Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Nnamdi Michael Ahiamadu ◽  
Ify L. Nwaogazie ◽  
Yusuf O. L. Momoh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Petroleum Resource ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Pb Concentration

The study assessed the concentration of heavy metals in three oil spill sites in Emohua local government area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at depth 0-30cm for surface soil samples and up to 10m for sub-surface soil samples depending on the depth of borehole. Groundwater samples were collected from drilled boreholes while the surface water samples were collected from fishponds or water bodies (rivers) close to the oil spill sites. The samples taken from the oil spill sites were analysed to determine the level of concentration of 10 Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR) specified heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ba, Ni, Hg, As, and Co). BUCK Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used in detecting the concentration of the heavy metals. For the surface soil, Pb concentration in site A and B were significantly higher than what was obtained at site C, with a mean concentration of 219.70, 130.01 and 3.41mg/kg respectively for the three sites. The mean lead (Pb) concentration obtained in the surface soil was within DPR and United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) acceptable limits. Barium also has significant concentration in both the surface soil and sub-surface soil. Kruskal Wallis test indicated significant difference in the Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ba concentration in surface/topsoil among the three sites and also indicated significant difference in the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ba and As in sub-surface soil among the sites. Little heavy metal concentration was found in both the groundwater and surface water. The study showed that even if some heavy metals were detected at the oil spill sites, they do not pose any serious health risk, as all the heavy metals in the four environmental media at the three sampling sites were below the national limit stipulated by the Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR), Nigeria.

Nitrification and Denitrification Potentials of Soil in Liaohe Estuary Wetland

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Ying Xiao ◽  
Ji Song Yang
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Exponential Decay ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Nitrification And Denitrification

Nitrification and denitrification plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle in wetlands. The nitrification and denitrification potentials of soil from different depths (0-40 cm) in Liaohe estuary wetland were studied with laboratorial batch incubation for three weeks. The results showed that the percent of nitrification and denitrification in soil at different depth were about 25-40% and 31-63% of soil total added nitrogen over three weeks, respectively. Both the denitrification and nitrification of soil at different depth showed an exponential decay trend over the incubation period. The corresponding rates were 0.013–0.021 mg·kg-1·d-1and 0.017–0.057 mg·kg-1·d-1. The value of surface soil (0-5cm) was significant higher than that of the subsoil (5-40 cm) (p< 0.05) and there was no significant difference between values of the subsoil (p> 0.05).

scholarly journals Effect of temperature, leaf wetness, and rainfall on the production of Guignardia citricarpa ascospores and on back spot severity on sweet orange

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato F. Reis ◽  
Lavern W. Timmer ◽  
Antonio de Goes
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Spore Trap ◽  
Guignardia Citricarpa ◽  
Ascospore Production

The black spot of citrus (Citrus sp.) is caused by Guignardia citricarpa with ascospore production depending on temperature, leaf wetness, and rainfall. The number of ascospores produced was monitored using a spore trap and climatic factors were recorded using an automated meteorological station of 'Natal' and 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) orchards in Mogi Guaçu in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from November 2000 to March 2001. The fruits were bagged to prevent infection and the bags removed from different sets of fruit for one week during each of the 18 weeks of the season in both orchards. Ascospores were produced during the entire experimental period, from spring through summer, primarily after rain events. In both orchards, ascospore production reached a peak in January and February. Ascospore production was related to leaf wetness only in the Natal orange orchard but was not related to total rainfall or temperature in either orchard. Disease was most severe on fruit exposed the 7th, 8th, and 13th weeks after beginning the experiment in both cultivars as well as after the 16th week for 'Natal'. There was a strong relationship between disease severity and total rainfall for both orchards and a weak correlation between temperature and severity in the 'Natal' block only. There was no relationship between severity and leaf wetness or ascospore numbers.

Comparison of Sequential Indicator Simulation and Transition Probability Indicator Simulation Used to Model Clay Content in Microscale Surface Soil

Soil Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 174 (7) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Kelin Hu ◽  
Baoguo Li ◽  
Deli Chen ◽  
Helen Charlotte Suter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sequential Indicator Simulation ◽  
Indicator Simulation

Seasonal and spatial variation of nitrogen dynamics in the litter and surface soil layers on a tropical dry evergreen forest slope

2010 ◽  
Vol 259 (8) ◽  
pp. 1502-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Yamashita ◽  
Seiichi Ohta ◽  
Hiroyuki Sase ◽  
Jesada Luangjame ◽  
Thiti Visaratana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Dry Evergreen Forest ◽  
Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest

Productive performance of lambs fed with high-moisture triticale grain ensiled with different additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329
Author(s):  
Valter Harry Bumbieris Junior ◽  
Vinícius André de Pietro Guimarães ◽  
Edson Luis de Azambuja Ribeiro ◽  
Leandro das Dores Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, nutrient intake, and ingestive behavior of lambs fed high-moisture triticale grain (HMTG) ensiled with different additives. Twenty-four intact male lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.05 ± 2.88 kg were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: silage of HMTG, without additive; silage of HMTG ensiled with enzyme–bacterial additive; silage of HMTG ensiled with 0.5% urea; and silage of HMTG ensiled with 1.5% sodium benzoate. No difference (P > 0.05) was seen in the performance (with an average daily weight gain of 210 g d−1), nutrient intake, or ingestive behavior of the lambs. There was a significant difference in the intake of ether extract according to the additive used in the silage. The highest intake (in relation to metabolic BW) was found for HMTG ensiled with enzyme–bacterial additive: 1.49 g kg−1 BW0.75. The silage of HMTG can be used as a single source of concentrate, aiming at moderate weight gains for feedlot lambs, thus providing an alternative for the conservation of nutritional quality of ensiling without causing changes in the performance of the animals.

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