Distribution of zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) during the onset of zinc deficicency, as determined by the use of the radioactive isotope 65Zn

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Radioactive Isotope ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Subsequent Onset

Young plants of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh) were grown between day 20 and day 43 in culture solutions containing zinc labelled with the radioactive isotope 65Zn and were then transferred to zinc-free culture solution. The distribution of labelled zinc in the plant parts during the subsequent onset of zinc deficiency was determined by means of radioautographs. By similar means the distribution of labelled zinc was determined in plants transferred to culture solutions containing inactive zinc. The zinc present in fully expanded living leaves was largely retained there while they remained alive, even during the onset of zinc deficiency which progressed to the "little leaf" stage. Some zinc was transported out of these leaves when they became prematurely senescent as a result of the deficiency. During the onset of the deficiency some zinc was transported out of the roots and the main axis. After zinc deficiency had become acute and growth had practically ceased, the concentration of zinc in the youngest leaves at the growing points of the main axis and runners remained higher than that in the slightly older, fully expanded leaves.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Distribution of zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown to maturity in a culture solution containing zinc labelled with the radioactive isotope 65Zn

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 730 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Isotope ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Very High

Subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh) was grown to maturity in a culture solution containing zinc labelled with the radioactive isotope 65Zn. The distribution of zinc in the plants at different stages of growth was determined by means of radioautographs. These show that zinc is always present in very high concentration in the terminal portions of the main axis, runners, and laterals, in young, expanding leaves and petioles, in root tips and at points along the roots, in parts of the inflorescences, and in developing and mature seeds. The concentrations decrease in the vegetative organs as they expand and mature. In mature vegetative organs there is usually a higher concentration of zinc in the vascular tissue than in the tissue surrounding it. A higher concentration of zinc is found in the nodes of the runners and laterals than in the internodes. In the nodes themselves the concentration is highest where the amount of vascular tissue is increased by the presence of the vascular traces of petioles and of runners, laterals, or branches.

Distribution of recently absorbed zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) determined by adding radioactive zinc to the culture soultion

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Radioactive Zinc ◽  
High Concentrations

The distribution of zinc recently absorbed as 65Zn into subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh) from culture solutions has been examined by means of radioautographs in normal plants and in plants recovering from a state of zinc deficiency. In normal plants which had been grown initially in cultures containing non-radioactive zinc, the recently absorbed zinc reached high concentrations in the roots, main axis, and youngest leaves but very little of it moved into the older, fully expanded leaves. In plants recovering from the deficiency, on the other hand, the recently absorbed zinc reached high concentrations in all the living organs, including the oldest leaves. Growth of the "little" leaves or other leaves affected by the deficiency was not resumed after the entry of zinc into their tissues. Recovery of the plant depended upon the production of new leaves by the leaf primordia and upon their subsequent growth and emergence.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between zinc concentrations in plant parts and yield

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of phosphorus on the relationship of zinc concentrations in various plant parts to yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse at three levels of phosphorus (39, 65 and 130 mg phosphorus/pot; denoted P1, P2 and P3 respectively) and six levels of zinc added in factorial combination to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and zinc. At the lowest three levels of zinc supply, plants were severely to moderately deficient in zinc: in them, increasing levels of phosphorus depressed growth and induced high concentrations of phosphorus (> 1 % DM) in several plant parts and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity in leaves. At the highest three levels of zinc supply, plants at P1 were phosphorus deficient: application of P2 and P3 increased growth and induced zinc deficiency primarily by diluting the available zinc. In addition, P3 appeared to depress slightly the zinc content of plant tops by another mechanism. In severely zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply changed the relationships between zinc concentrations in various plant parts and yield of whole tops, probably as the result of phosphorus toxicity. In the youngest open leaf blades, an asymptotic relationship at P1 changed at P2 and P3 to sigmoidal and to 'Piper-Steenbjerg' relationships respectively. These changes would not have invalidated the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency. In moderately zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply had little or no effect on the relationships of zinc concentration in plant parts to yield of shoots. As a result, critical concentrations in plant parts generally remained constant over the whole range of phosphorus supply. The data refute suggestions that high levels of phosphorus in plant parts inactivate the zinc within them, thus removing a potential problem in the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency in subterranean clover. The results confirm the previous suggestion that a concentration range of 12-14 �g zinc/g in the youngest, open leaf blade is critical for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Effects of pH and aluminium on the growth of temperate pasture species. II. Growth and nodulation of legumes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
FPC Blamey ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

Ten temperate pasture legumes inoculated with appropriate rhizobia were grown for 31 days in flowing solution culture. Solution ionic strength was approximately 2700 8M and contained inorganic nitrogen (150 , 8M NO3-) only at the commencement of the experiment. Solution pH was maintained at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0. Also, five aluminium (Al) treatments were imposed, with nominal Al concentrations of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 8M (2.5, 7.1, 8.3, 11.2 and 24.7 8M Al measured) at pH 4.5. Solution pH <6 . 0 markedly reduced total dry mass (TDM) in all cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) cvv. 'Grasslands Pitau, Huia, G18 and Tahora' and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cvv. 'Grassland Turoa and Pawera', and to a lesser extent in the two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cvv. 'Tallarook and Woogenellup'. In contrast, solution pH had no effect on the growth of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, while Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best at pH 4.5. Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best in solution where the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species {Alm} was maintained at 5.9 8M. The growth of all other species was decreased with Al in solution, a 50% reduction in TDM being associated with c. 6 8M {Alm] for white clover and subterranean clover, and c. 3 8M in red clover and Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) as affected by growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and infection by Puccinea chondrillina Bubak and Syd

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea, form A) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was studied in a glasshouse experiment in which the species were grown alone or together and the resultant effects of shoot and root competition assessed. The leaf number and weight of plant parts of C. juncea were reduced by competition vith subterranean clover, especially when shoots of the two species were competing. The leaf area of C. juncea was reduced, especially when roots of the two species were growing together. Puccinia chondrillina on C. juncea rosettes reduced leaf number, leaf area, and weight of plant parts. Subterranean clover grown with C. juncea infected with P. chondrillina further reduced the size and weight of the weed. The large reduction in leaf area and root weight of C. juncea (form A) plants in the presence of both subterranean clover and P. chondrillina suggests that growth of this form of C. juncea in Australia will be greatly reduced in pastures containing these species. In the long term, densities of this form may possibly be so lowered that a significant level of control will be reached in a cereal cropping-pasture system.

Variation in nutritive value of plant parts of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lack Of Information

While it has been reported that leaves of subterranean clover are less digestible than stems, there is a lack of information on the variability of nutritive value of plant parts of subterranean clover. To determine the variation in nutritive value of leaf, petiole, stem and burr, an experiment with 26 cultivars of subterranean clover was conducted at Shenton Park Field Station, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-weekly intervals. Plants were sampled at the vegetative stage before grazing and after the cessation of flowering. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen concentration of leaves, petioles, stems and burrs were determined. At the vegetative stage, there was no difference in DMD (P>0.05) among plant parts for most cultivars, and leaf had the highest (P<0.05) nitrogen concentration (4.8–5.4%). After the cessation of flowering, leaf had the highest DMD and nitrogen concentration (P<0.05). The DMD of plant parts differed significantly among cultivars (P<0.05). There was a slight decrease in DMD over time for leaves and a significant decrease in DMD for stems and petioles. These results suggest the main objective of grazing management of subterranean clover swards should be to increase the proportion of leaf material in the swards and that selection of leafy varieties by breeding could improve the late season digestibility of subterranean clover. Such management and breeding strategies would have value when the cultivars are in mixed pastures or used with supplements in summer.

Distribution of zinc and copper in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in culture solutions supplied with graduated amounts of zinc

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth

The distribution of dry weight and of zinc and copper at different stages of growth has been examined in Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in culture solutions to which graduated amounts of zinc were added. Several characteristics of the growth of the plants were assessed quantitatively. Symptoms of zinc deficiency developed in cultures which were supplied with suboptimal amounts of zinc.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) IV. Effects of zinc deficiency in clover seedlings.

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment

Results of a glasshouse experiment, conducted on an acutely zinc-deficient soil, are presented. At day 29, the cotyledons and unifoliate leaves of zinc-deficient plants showed higher isoflavone concentrations, and markedly higher total isoflavones per leaf, than did those of plants supplied with zinc. At day 47, however, when the "little leaf" condition was well advanced in the zinc-deficient plants, trifoliate leaves of the deficient plants were lower in isoflavone levels (and especially in isoflavones per leaf) than those of normal plants. The patterns of isoflavone distribution correspond with, and are thought to result from, effects of zinc deficiency in the seedling stage on photosynthetic accumulation in plant parts. It is considered that zinc deficiency in the field is unlikely to affect the incidence of "clover disease".

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