A disease of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by subterranean clover stunt virus

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
French Bean ◽  
French Beans ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Inoculation ◽  
High Degree

A disease causing serious crop losses in early-sown French beans in the East Gippsland area of Victoria has been shown to be caused by subterranean clover stunt virus. The virus infected a wide range of leguminous plants and persisted through a moult of its principal vector, Aphis craccivora Koch. It was not seed-borne, nor was it mechanically transmissible. The field symptoms of the disease on French beans consisted of chlorosis and epinasty of leaves, the whole plant being markedly stunted with a reduction in the length of the internodes. These symptoms were reproduced in the glasshouse by aphid inoculation of the virus to French beans. However, the virus was recovered from both naturally infected and artificially inoculated beans with difficulty. In field tests, no cultivar of French bean tested was immune to the virus, although a high degree of tolerance was observed in the cultivars Red Mexican U.I.3, U.I.34, and U.I.37, and Pinto U.I.72 and U.I.78.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Potential of Eco-Friendly Nematicides in the Management of Root-Knot Nematodes on French Beans in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
E. O. Ogumo ◽  
W. M. Muiru ◽  
J. W. Kimenju ◽  
D. M. Mukunya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
French Beans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp) are a serious pest causing heavy economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops. A trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of various eco-friendly nematicides in the management of RKN affecting French bean. The field trial was carried out in two seasons with the following treatments; Rigel-G (salicylic acid), Phyto Protect (Sesame oil extract), Mytech (Paecilomyces lilacinus), Neemraj 0.3% (Azadirachtin), Vydate® (Oxamyl) as a positive control and an untreated control. Various rates; Rigel –G (2.5 ml/l), Phyto Protect (10 l/ha), Mytech (125 g/ha) Neemraj 0.3% (3L/ha) and Vydate® (6 l/ha) of treatments were administered and damage on plants was assessed based on galling indices, crop biomass and yield whereas nematode reproductive potential was assessed based on the J2 counts. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the nematode population densities and galling indices observed among the eco-friendly nematicides and the conventional nematicide (Vydate®). Eco-friendly nematicides had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction of RKN J2 population densities compared to the negative control. The negative control had the highest mean of root-knot nematode densities (240 RKN/200 cc soil) and a galling index of 3.77 while Vydate and Neemraj had the lowest mean density (40 RKN/200 cc soil) in the first season. Similar results were observed in the second season with control having the highest RKN J2 population densities (285 RKN/200 cc soil) and a galling index of 3.89 and Vydate had the lowest (23 RKN/200 cc soil). The results of this study clearly indicate that eco-friendly nematicides can be fully adopted to suppress RKN in French beans as alternatives to conventional nematicides.

scholarly journals A novel three-point hitch dynamometer to measure the draft requirement of mounted implements

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Askari ◽  
M.H. Komarizade ◽  
A.M. Nikbakht ◽  
N. Nobakht ◽  
R.F. Teimourlou
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Moldboard Plow

An adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer with a draft capacity of 50 kN was developed to measure forces on the tractor and mounted implements. The design concept of the dynamometer was based on two linkage frames mounted between tractor links and the implement. The force sensing elements were comprised of a loadcell that was installed between the frames. The system provides variable width and height of the dynamometer links to satisfy a wide range of implement dimensions. All mounted tillage implements at categories II and III such as plows, cultivators and harrows were able to be tested by this dynamometer excluding mounted implements powered by power take-off (PTO). The dynamometer was calibrated and several field tests were conducted to measure the force required to pull a moldboard plow in a clay loam soil. The calibration showed a high degree of linearity between the draft requirements and the dynamometer outputs. Field tests showed that it was able to function effectively as intended without any mechanical problems.

Development of the Methodology of the Safety Analysis Performed by the Coupled KIKO3D/ATHLET Code System in VVER-440 Type NPP

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gy. Hegyi ◽  
G. Hordo´sy ◽  
A. Keresztu´ri ◽  
Cs. Mara´czy ◽  
I. Panka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Emergency Control ◽  
Transient Behaviour ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coolant Loop ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Physical Phenomena

In the deterministic safety analysis codes are required in order to provide evaluations of potential nuclear plant accidents. In the fields of the core transient behaviour, the computer codes have achieved a high degree of realistic modelling. Nevertheless, some further tools for the investigations of the wide range of physical phenomena in the whole plant transient, such as modeling the ex-core detector signals and the malfunctioning of the emergency control system are unavoidable, too. The programs and methods used in KFKI-AEKI for safety analysis of VVER-440 NPP are presented. The accident analysis methodology for a boron dilution scenario, in which an inactive coolant loop is started, is shown.

The comparative applied phosphate requirements of eight annual pasture species

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
J Keay ◽  
EF Biddiscombe
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of a wide range of applied phosphate levels were compared on eight annual pasture species. Marked differences were found between species in response by tops, roots, or whole plant, and in top/root ratio. Different forms of yield response curve were given by the non-legumes, the clovers, and the lupin. At an early growth stage cape-weed, the three clovers, and erodium were highest in phosphorus requirement for near-maximum yield. At the full flowering stage, species ranked in the following decreasing order of requirement: cupped clover > rose clover > subterranean clover > lupin > erodium = cape-weed > Wimmera ryegrass = silver grass. Yields and phosphorus concentrations are compared in relation to applied phosphorus levels. In the early vegetative stage, all species needed at least 0.7% phosphorus in the tops for maximum yield, but by flowering this requirement had fallen to very much lower levels. It is suggested that differences between the species in response to applied phosphate are large enough to influence strongly the botanical composition of pasture and its fertilizer requirements.

Understanding Conformational Entropy in Small Molecules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Chan ◽  
Garrett Morris ◽  
Geoffrey Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Standard Entropy ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Conformational Entropy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Empirical Corrections

The calculation of the entropy of flexible molecules can be challenging, since the number of possible conformers grows exponentially with molecule size and many low-energy conformers may be thermally accessible. Different methods have been proposed to approximate the contribution of conformational entropy to the molecular standard entropy, including performing thermochemistry calculations with all possible stable conformations, and developing empirical corrections from experimental data. We have performed conformer sampling on over 120,000 small molecules generating some 12 million conformers, to develop models to predict conformational entropy across a wide range of molecules. Using insight into the nature of conformational disorder, our cross-validated physically-motivated statistical model can outperform common machine learning and deep learning methods, with a mean absolute error ≈4.8 J/mol•K, or under 0.4 kcal/mol at 300 K. Beyond predicting molecular entropies and free energies, the model implies a high degree of correlation between torsions in most molecules, often as- sumed to be independent. While individual dihedral rotations may have low energetic barriers, the shape and chemical functionality of most molecules necessarily correlate their torsional degrees of freedom, and hence restrict the number of low-energy conformations immensely. Our simple models capture these correlations, and advance our understanding of small molecule conformational entropy.

Cerebellotrigeminal Dermal Dysplasia (Gómez-López-Hernández Syndrome)

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Sullo ◽  
Agata Polizzi ◽  
Stefano Catanzaro ◽  
Selene Mantegna ◽  
Francesco Lacarrubba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities ◽  
Clinical Triad ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Motor Handicap

Cerebellotrigeminal dermal (CTD) dysplasia is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: bilateral parieto-occipital alopecia, facial anesthesia in the trigeminal area, and rhombencephalosynapsis (RES), confirmed by cranial magnetic resonance imaging. CTD dysplasia is also known as Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome. So far, only 35 cases have been described with varying symptomatology. The etiology remains unknown. Either spontaneous dominant mutations or de novo chromosomal rearrangements have been proposed as possible explanations. In addition to its clinical triad of RES, parietal alopecia, and trigeminal anesthesia, CTD dysplasia is associated with a wide range of phenotypic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.Treatment is symptomatic and includes physical rehabilitation, special education, dental care, and ocular protection against self-induced corneal trauma that causes ulcers and, later, corneal opacification. The prognosis is correlated to the mental development, motor handicap, corneal–facial anesthesia, and visual problems. Follow-up on a large number of patients with CTD dysplasia has never been reported and experience is limited to few cases to date. High degree of suspicion in a child presenting with characteristic alopecia and RES has a great importance in diagnosis of this syndrome.

Control of Winged Waterprimrose (Jussiaea decurrens) and Northern Jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) with Fungal Pathogens

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Boyette ◽  
G. E. Templeton ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Region

An indigenous, host-specific, pathogenic fungus that parasitizes winged waterprimrose [Jussiaea decurrens(Walt.) DC.] is endemic in the rice growing region of Arkansas. The fungus was isolated and identified asColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f.sp. jussiaeae(CGJ). It is highly specific for parasitism of winged waterprimrose and not parasitic on creeping waterprimrose (J. repensL. var.glabrescensKtze.), rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), or 4 other crops and 13 other weeds. The fungus was physiologically distinct from C.gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(CGA), an endemic anthracnose pathogen of northern jointvetch[Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P.], as indicated by cross inoculations of both weeds. Culture in the laboratory and inoculation of winged waterprimrose in greenhouse, growth chamber and field experiments indicated that the pathogen was stable, specific, and virulent in a wide range of environments. The pathogen yielded large quantities of spores in liquid culture. It is suitable for control of winged waterprimrose. Winged waterprimrose and northern jointvetch were controlled in greenhouse and field tests by application of spore mixtures of CGJ and CGA at concentrations of 1 to 2 million spores/ml of each fungus in 94 L/ha of water; the fungi did not damage rice or nontarget crops.

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