Comparative responses of Lolium perenne and Bothriochloa macra to temperature, moisture, fertility and defoliation

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Cook ◽  
A Lazenby ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
New South ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Lolium perenne and Bothtriochloa macra were grown alone and In 1/1 mixtures In pot culture under molsture stress and moisture non-limiting conditions at both high and low levels of fertility, they were grown In three controlled environment cabinets operating at either 16/10°, 23/17° or 31/25°C, and defoliated to either 1 cm or 4 cm from the crown at each of two harvests.Temperature was the dormant factor differentiating the growth and competitive ability of both species Lolium grew best In the 16/10° and 23/17°C temperature regimes, production declining at 31/25° In contrast, Bothriochloa made very little growth a1 16/10° and responded linearly to measuring temperature. Both species responded similarly to increasing fertility and favourable moisture conditions, although such treatments had no effect on Bothriocochloa in the 16/10°C temperature regime Bothtriochloa was more tolerant of low fertility and moisture stress than was Loliurn, especially at 31/25° Lolium yielded more, and competed successfully with Bothtriochloa, only under conditions of high fertility and In the absence of moisture stress at temperatures up to 23/17°C Defoliation intensity had little effect on the total dry matter yields of either species, although it did influence the proportion of leaf to head and stem of Bothtriochloa. The likely implications of the results on the competitive relationships of the two species In the field In the Northern Tablelands environment of New South Wales are discussed

The effect of sowing rate on the yield and composition of wheat grown on soils of high fertility in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

The effects of the different sowing rates of 20, 40, and 60 lb of seed an acre on the yield, bushel weight, composition, and response to fertilizers, of wheat grown on soils of high fertility has been studied in seven field experiments in the wheat-belt of southern New South Wales. Seasonal conditions ranged from drought to lush growing conditions and in addition one experiment was irrigated to reduce the effects of moisture stress on plant growth. Yields ranged from 10 to 70 bushels of wheat an acre and fertilizer treatments gave both positive and negative effects. For the wide range of growth conditions, variation in seeding rate had only small and non-significant effects on grain yields, with the exception of the irrigated experiment where a consistent trend indicated the need for higher seeding rates for maximum yield. Effects of the seeding rates on grain size and composition and fertilizer response, were negligible. Losses in potential grain yield, caused by the exhaustion of soil moisture reserves by excessive vegetative growth of high fertility soils before grain development has been completed, does not seem to be reduced appreciably by the use of low seeding rates.

Yield and yield structure of triticales compared with wheat in northern New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Sweeney ◽  
RS Jessop ◽  
H Harris
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The yields and yield structure of cultivars of triticales and bread wheats (with a range of phasic development patterns in both species) were compared in 2 field experiments at Narrabri in northern New South Wales. The experiments were performed on a grey cracking clay soil with irrigation to prevent severe moisture stress. Triticales, both early and midseason types, appeared to have reached yield parity with well-adapted wheat varieties. Meaned over the 2 experiments and all sowings, the triticales yields were 19% greater than the bread wheats. Triticales were generally superior to wheat in all components of yield of the spike (1000-grain weight, grain number/spikelet and spikelet number/spike), whilst the wheats produced more spikes per unit area. The triticales also had higher harvest indices than the wheats. The results are discussed in relation to the overall adaptability of triticale for Australian conditions.

Potential hazard from Phytophthora cinnamomi on poor forest sites of low fertility in the Eden district of New South Wales.

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
L Gerrettson-Cornell ◽  
RG Bridges ◽  
KD Fairey
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Forest Sites

The residual effect of phosphorus on soil fertility and pasture development on acid soils

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Anderson ◽  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Early Years ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Phosphate Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Demand

A study was made of the residual effect of superphosphate applied to pasture on acid soils on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The effect of the superphosphate on the development of clover and subsequent changes in soil fertility and development of grass was examined. Only a limited proportion of the phosphorus applied was taken up by the pasture over the period of the experiments, but the evidence obtained suggests that this cannot be ascribed merely to phosphate fixation in the soil. The residual phosphorus was little, if any, less effective than current dressings over a number of years. The total yield of pasture was dependent almost entirely on the amount of superphosphate applied, and frequency of application had little or no effect on the total yield. A single dose at the commencement of the trials was as effective in increasing the total yield and the uptake of phosphorus as were annual dressings. High fertility and grass dominance were achieved by heavy annual dressings of superphosphate or by application of the bulk of the phosphorus in the early years. Lighter annual dressings resulted in clover dominance. Some advantages of heavier, less frequent application of superphosphate are discussed. Competition for phosphorus was an important factor in suppression of the clover by the grass. Evidence was presented in support of a hypothesis that grass or clover dominance is dependent both upon the vigour and fertility requirements of the species and upon the relation between the nitrogen demand of the pasture unit and the soil nitrogen status.

Effects of CO2 in interaction with temperature and soil fertility on the foliar phenology of alder, birch, and maple seedlings

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Koike
Keyword(s):  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Alnus Hirsuta ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Sympodial Growth ◽  
Acer Mono ◽  
Foliar Phenology

The foliar phenology of potted 1-year-old seedlings of alder (Alnus hirsuta Turcz.), maple (Acer mono Maxim.), and birch (Betula platyphylla Sukatch. var. japonica Hara) was observed from May to September in eight growth environments: factorial combinations of temperatures (light:dark, 30:20 °C and 26:16 °C), CO2 level (70 and 36 Pa), and nutrient regime (high versus low levels of fertilization). Seedlings grown at high fertility always had more leaves, and under high CO2, shed leaves slightly later than seedlings grown at low fertility. Except for maple, production of newly formed shoots and leaves was accelerated by high CO2. In maple, high CO2 only increased the number of flushes of the leader shoot. Alder and birch accelerated sylleptic shoot and leaf production at high CO2 in fertile conditions. The production of new leaves by alder grown at high CO2 and low fertility was almost the same as that grown under normal CO2, at high fertility. At high CO2, the timing of winter bud formation of monopodial alder and maple was delayed, while that of sympodial birch was almost the same as at ambient CO2. Key words: foliar phenology, elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature, monopodial versus sympodial growth, nutrient levels, winter bud formation, global change.

Performance of temperate legumes and associated grasses on granitic soils of low fertility in the New England region of New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A range of temperate annual and perennial legumes, naturalized or commonly sown in the area, was examined at three field sites in low fertility soils derived from granite on the south western slopes of the New England Region, New South Wales. They were compared over a four year period in terms of their persistence, dry matter and nitrogen production and their compatibility with associated temperate perennial grasses, The response of sown grass to nitrogen fertilizer application was also examined in the absence of legume. Ten legumes were examined at one site and six of these at the other two sites. In general, nitrogen yields were ranked similarly to total dry matter yields of all treatments, including grasses in the absence of legume. However, the legumes were ranked differently in terms of productivity of the legume component and productivity of associated grass. At all sites lucerne gave the highest yields of total dry matter and of legume and the lowest yield and persistence of associated grass-comparable to grass growing in the absence of legume or applied nitrogen. Subterranean clover was ranked second or third in total dry matter yield, depending on site, but provided the highest yield of associated grasscomparable to grass receiving high levels of applied nitrogen. Under this legume soil nitrogen levels tended to be highest. Rose clover, sown at one site only, yielded more legume dry matter than subterranean clover but grass yield was comparable to that with lucerne. The results suggest that subterranean clover is the superior legume for successful mixed sowings although inclusion of white clover could be justified. Lucerne appears to be best sown as a pure sward.

The influence of supplementary feeding on growth and fertility of beef heifers grazing natural pastures

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Sparke ◽  
DR Lamond
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Target Weight ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern

This paper reports an experiment examining the effect of age and protein supplementation on growth and fertility of Shorthorn-Devon cross heifers grazing natural pastures in the summer rainfall, subtropical environment of the Upper Clarence valley, north-eastern New South Wales. Heifers born over the period October to January 1963-64 were weaned in June 1964 and allotted at random within age groups (by month of birth) to a supplemented or non-supplemented treatment. The supplemented heifers were given linseed meal during the dry winter period each year from 1964 to 1966 inclusive (May-June to September-October). They were weighed each month and joined with bulls in the early summer of 1965 (2 years) and 1966 (3 years). They were examined for pregnancy in the autumn, and their calves were identified at birth. Supplemented heifers gained weight throughout and non-supplemented heifers generally lost weight in the winter periods. At two years fertility was closely related to liveweight at joining in supplemented heifers, but not in others. Heifers born in January gave the poorest reproductive performance, as the two supplemented ones that became pregnant in 1965 died at calving, and two-thirds of the non-supplemented ones were still empty after joining as 3-year-olds. The advantage of high 2-year-old fertility gained by heifers born in October and November, due to their greater size at joining, was partly offset by low fertility when lactating the following year. It is concluded that a decision as to whether a heifer should be supplemented during a period of nutritional stress prior to joining ought to be based on the probability of her reaching a prescribed target weight at joining as a result of receiving the supplement. The target weight for lactating heifers was at least 100 Ib higher than for dry hdfers. The results also indicate specific areas for further research.

scholarly journals Response of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to renovation in Australian dairy pastures

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Callow ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
R. J. Morris ◽  
G. Sweeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Local Group ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

This study reports on the effect of oversowing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) into a degraded perennial ryegrass and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture to extend its productive life using various intensities of seedbed preparation. Sites in New South Wales (NSW), Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania (Tas.) were chosen by a local group of farmers as being degraded and in need of renovation. Control (nil renovation) and medium (mulch and graze, spray with glyphosphate and sow) renovation treatments were common to all sites whereas minimum (mulch and graze, and sow) and full seedbed (graze and spray with glyphosphate and then full seedbed preparation) renovation were imposed only at some sites. Plots varied in area from 0.14 to 0.50 ha, and were renovated then sown in March or April 2000 and subsequently grazed by dairy cows. Pasture utilisation was estimated from pre- and post-grazing pasture mass assessed by a rising plate pasture meter. Utilised herbage mass of the renovated treatments was significantly higher than control plots in period 1 (planting to August) and 2 (first spring) at the NSW site only. There was no difference among treatments in period 3 (first summer) at any site, and only at the WA and NSW sites in period 4 (March to July 2001) was there a response to renovation. As a result, renovation at the NSW site only significantly increased ryegrass utilisation over the whole experimental period. Ryegrass plant density was higher at the NSW, WA (excluding minimum renovation) and Tas. (excluding full renovation) sites 6 months after renovation but this was only sustained for 12 months for the minimum and medium treatments at the NSW and Tas. sites, respectively, presumably due to reduced competition from naturalised C4 summer grasses [kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)] in NSW. At the NSW, WA and SA sites, the original ryegrass plant density was low (<35 plants/m2) compared with the Tas. site where density was around 185/m2. The response to renovating a degraded perennial ryegrass pasture varied between sites in Australia. Positive responses were generally small and were most consistent where renovation removed competing C4 summer grasses.

Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Dugas ◽  
Gregory J. Retallack
Keyword(s):  
Middle Miocene ◽  
New South ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fourth Species ◽  
Dry Woodland

At the well-known fossil mammal locality of Fort Ternan in southwestern Kenya, radiometrically dated at about 14 million years old (middle Miocene), fossil grasses have been preserved by nephelinitic sandstone in place of growth above a brown paleosol (type Onuria clay). Large portions of grass plants as well as fragments of leaves have revealed details of silica bodies, stomates, and other taxonomically important features under the scanning electron microscope. The computer database for grass identification compiled by Leslie Watson and colleagues was used to determine the most similar living grass genera to the five distinct kinds of fossil found. Two of the fossil species are assigned to Cleistochloa kabuyis sp. nov. and C. shipmanae sp. nov. This genus includes one species from low fertility dry woodland soils of New South Wales and Queensland and a second species from “raw clay soils” in western New Guinea. A third fossil species, represented by a large portion of a branching culm, is assigned to Stereochlaena miocenica sp. nov. This genus includes five species of low-fertility woodland soils in southeastern Africa. Both Cleistochloa and Stereochlaena are in the supertribe Panicanae of the subfamily Panicoideae. A fourth species is assigned to Distichlis africana sp. nov. and provides a biogeographic link between the single species of this genus now living in coastal grasslands in southeastern Australia and the 12 species of dunes and deserts found throughout the Americas from Patagonia and the West Indies to the United States and Canada. A fifth species is, like D. africana, in the subfamily Chloridoideae, but its stomata were not seen and it could belong to Cyclostachya, Pogoneura, or Polevansia. This earliest known wooded grassland flora in Africa is taxonomically unlike the modern grass flora of fertile volcanic African landscapes, and may have been recruited from an archaic grass flora of Gondwanan desert and lateritic soils.

Alternaria toxins in weather-damaged wheat and sorghum in the 1995-1996 Australian harvest

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Webley ◽  
K. L. Jackson ◽  
J. D. Mullins ◽  
A. D. Hocking ◽  
J. I. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
New South ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Levels

Weather-damaged wheat from northern New South Wales in 1995-96 was heavily infected with the fungus Alternaria alternata. The mycotoxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected at low levels which corresponded with the degree of A. alternata infection and the geographical location. Sorghum and undamaged wheat from the same region also showed moderate levels of A. alternata infection and low levels of tenuazonic acid but none of the other toxins. These mycotoxins were not found in weather-damaged wheat from other areas of Australia where the primary infection was by A. infectoria rather than A. alternata.

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