The influence of grazing frequency and intensity on the vigour of Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Second Year

Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) exhibits poor persistence in subtropical environments. Grazing management may enhance the vigour and hence persistence of this species. Perennial ryegrass was subjected to various grazing treatments, and its vigour, indexed by etiolated growth, was evaluated over 2 years. Pasture and individual tiller vigour were monitored under 5 combinations of grazing frequency and intensity, applied rotationally, and 1 treatment of continuous grazing. The vigour of infrequently grazed plots was greater than that of frequently or continuously grazed plots; however, grazing intensity did not influence vigour. Seasonally, vigour declined during mid (December and .January) to late (February and March) summer of the establishment year and from early summer (October) to autumn (May) during the second year. Poor vigour in frequently grazed plots was associated with low growth reserves rather than a lack of active tiller growth points. Towards the end of the second year, however, a lack of active tiller growth points also limited vigour in frequently grazed plots. Tillers from infrequently grazed plots (regardless of grazing intensity) had greater vigour than tillers from the frequently grazed plots. To enhance the vigour of perennial ryegrass in subtropical environments, the frequency of grazing should be reduced, particularly in summer.

scholarly journals STOLON FORMATION AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR SWARD TILLER DYNAMICS IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS

1989 ◽  
pp. 255-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matthew ◽  
S.J. Quilter ◽  
C.J. Korte ◽  
A.C.P. Chu ◽  
A.D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Tiller Dynamics ◽  
Earthworm Activity

In a pot trial to investigate stolen formation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). 4 genotypes of ryegrass tested all formed stolons. After burial with approximately 30 mm soil in August, cutting and burial, or cutting alone, stolen numbers in November were 18.8 and 3 (SED 3) per plant, respectively. In a grazed ryegrass sward stolen lengths were measured at intervals between May 1987 and April 1988, and for hard and lax grazed plots respectively, were 58 and 96 m/m2 in May, increased to 137 and 164 m/m2 in December, then declined to 47 and 74 ml m2 in April 1998. Active stolon formation in the field began when tillers were buried by earthworm activity and stock trampling in winter. It appears that stolen formation in ryegrass is a response to a seasonal cycle of burial similar to that for white clover. Studies of tagged tillers indicated a pattern of sward renewal in early summer by rapid production of large numbers of tillers from stolons at the base of dying flowering tillers. Other research results suggest that this pattern of sward renewal in perennial ryegrass may be widespread. Implications for grazing management are briefly discussed. Keywords: tiller appearnace rate, perennation, carbohydrate, perennial ryegrass, stolen formation

Tactical versus continuous stocking for persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Waller ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
G. R. Saul ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Tiller Density

The survival of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants was studied in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria during the dry summer of 1996–97. Recruitment of perennial ryegrass seedlings into the pasture sward was also monitored in the autumn–winter periods in 1997 and 1998. The objective was to investigate whether a tactical stocking strategy, consisting of variable length summer, autumn and winter rotations and continuous stocking in spring, might increase perennial ryegrass tiller survival and seedling recruitment in the autumn, compared with continuous stocking all year. The grazing strategies were compared on 2 contrasting pastures: an upgraded pasture [sown with newer cultivars of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with 26 kg phosphorus/ha.year as applied fertiliser] and a naturalised perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 6 kg P/ha.year. Paddocks were grazed by Border Leicester × Merino ewes, mated to a terminal sire so as to lamb in September. Perennial ryegrass tiller density was higher on the upgraded pasture with a mean density of 7750 tillers/m2 in early summer which declined to zero live tillers by mid summer. Live tillers began to reappear before the opening rains and then increased after the rain. Mean tiller density in the upgraded pasture declined over the 2 summers, with only 2050 tillers/m2 being present 2 months after the opening rains in 1998. There were no effects (P>0.05) of pasture type or grazing strategy on the number of tagged tillers that survived the summer period. Only 12% of the vegetative tillers, randomly tagged in December 1996, survived to May 1997. More than half of the tillers (56%) that produced a seedhead produced daughter tillers which survived the dry summer–autumn period. A significant (P<0.05) interaction between grazing strategy and pasture type occurred with the number of perennial ryegrass seedlings that had established 4 weeks after the opening rains in 1997. There was a 5–11-fold increase in seedling numbers which regenerated in the tactically stocked, upgraded pasture compared with the other treatments. Seedling recruitment was considerably lower in the autumn of 1998, due presumably to an overall decline in perennial ryegrass density relative to annual grasses in 1997. A second experiment investigated the effect of excluding sheep from grazing at anthesis until seedhead maturation or until the opening rains, together with a mechanical seed dislodgment treatment at seed maturity. All exclusion treatments increased seedling recruitment 4–7-fold, compared with continuous stocking. The results suggest a possible mechanism by which perennial ryegrass density can be increased without expensive reseeding.

scholarly journals Variation in the reproductive development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Wims ◽  
J.M. Lee ◽  
L. Rossi ◽  
D.F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Flowering Behaviour ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Plant breeding has manipulated the flowering behaviour of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by developing later-heading cultivars. However, the impacts of breeding on the intensity and temporal distribution of flowering are not known. This study compared the reproductive development of 23 perennial ryegrass cultivar/endophyte combinations. In the Waikato and Canterbury, two replicate plots were closed from grazing and tillers were collected every two weeks over a 10-week period during late spring and early summer. Plant development stage was determined for each tiller using a quantitative scale, which was then used to calculate the mean stage count of each cultivar. The rate and timing of reproductive development differed among cultivars. Mid-maturing cultivars matured earlier at both sites compared with late- and very late-maturing cultivars. While the intensity of flowering was similar between maturity groups, the temporal distribution of flowering varied: the late- and very late-maturing cultivars had lower proportions of reproductive tillers early in the season. Keywords: Lolium perenne L., reproductive development, flowering behaviour

Effect of defoliation frequency and summer irrigation on survival of perennial (Lolium perenne) and biennial (Lolium multiflorum) ryegrass in the subtropics

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
J. M. Scott ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tropical Grass

Summary. The present study investigated, in a subtropical environment, the timing of defoliation treatments in spring and summer irrigation management on the survival of perennial (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn) and biennial (L. multiflorum cv. Noble) ryegrass in a mixed ryegrass–white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture over the first summer, and seedling recruitment the following autumn. Defoliation options were related to various ryegrass plant development stages such as the number of leaves per tiller attained during regrowth, stem elongation and seed set. The criterion for timing of frequent defoliation was 1 leaf/tiller regrowth and infrequent defoliation 3 leaves/tiller. Both pasture types were defoliated either frequently or infrequently at specific times from sowing to mid summer. Half the plots were irrigated from 30 November to 6 April while the remaining plots were not irrigated over this period. There was no survival of biennial ryegrass plants into autumn of the second year and pasture production was entirely from seedling recruitment of seed set in the previous spring. The maximum seedling recruitment (plant population 89% of spring in establishment year) was achieved by infrequent defoliation in mid spring and then cessation of defoliation until mid summer to allow plants to set seed. However, this resulted in a production loss of 3094 kg dry matter/ha of ryegrass and clover. In contrast, production of perennial ryegrass in the second year was reliant almost exclusively on individual ryegrass plants surviving the summer, as there was little seed set and virtually no seedling recruitment. There would appear to be 2 contrasting defoliation requirements to optimise perennial ryegrass persistence. Infrequent defoliation from sowing to early spring (22 March–2 September) and frequent defoliation in early summer (19 November–3 February) resulted in maximum plant survival and minimum tropical grass incursion. Frequent, compared with infrequent, defoliation up to 2 September decreased root dry matter in February by 45% to 1.66 g dry matter/plant. However in early summer, frequent defoliation maximised survival, presumably by reducing shading by tropical grasses, and preventing a closed canopy which encourages ‘rust’ infestation of the ryegrass. Irrigation of ryegrass over summer, in situations likely to become waterlogged, will only be of benefit in dry years and if scheduling is frequent enough to benefit ryegrass rather than tropical grass. These results highlight the importance of maintaining an infrequent defoliation interval to maximise persistence of perennial ryegrass in the subtropics. More frequent defoliation may be necessary in late spring/early summer to reduce the impact of leaf rust.

The effects of grazing management on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) herbage mass and persistence in south-eastern Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Graham ◽  
T. Prance ◽  
R. P. Thompson ◽  
D. Borg ◽  
P. Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Positive Effect

The effect of various grazing management treatments on newly sown and degraded perennial ryegrass pastures was studied at 6 different locations in the temperate high rainfall zone of southern Australia, as part of the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program. The sites were located at Hamilton (2 sites, 1 grazed by cattle, 1 grazed by sheep) and Cavendish, western Victoria, Victor Harbor (Delamere), South Australia, and Ross and Parattah in Tasmania. Grazing management treatments significantly influenced the ryegrass mass and persistence of the pasture, but effects were not always consistent across sites. Autumn closure increased the perennial ryegrass content at Cavendish and Ross, as did the winter and summer closures at Ross. Spring closure increased the perennialryegrass content at Hamilton, Cavendish and Ross, but decreased it at Parattah, as did the summer closures at Parattah and Delamere. Fodder conservation decreased the ryegrass only at Parattah. At the Hamilton sheep site, and at Ross, mob stocking increased the ryegrass content, as did increased superphosphate treatments at Hamilton. Rotational grazing at Cavendish and Delamere increased the ryegrass content, as did the late spring or a late summer closure with a short autumn deferment at Cavendish and Ross, but both these treatments decreased ryegrass at Parattah. The treatments that had a negative effect at Parattah may have had a positive effect on cocksfoot at that site, creating competition for, and decreasing the ryegrass content. At most sites, treatments that included some spelling during spring to foster seed shedding, and spelling again in the following autumn to encourage germination seem to have been of benefit to the perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Management options to recover perennial ryegrass populations and productivity in run-out pastures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Griffiths ◽  
Mike Dodd ◽  
Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
David Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Water Holding

In parts of the upper North Island, farmers frequently report perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures failing within 3 or 4 years post-sowing. This appears to be related to interactions between several factors: climatic (drier, hotter summers), biotic (insect pest), soil (texture, water-holding capacity) and grazing management factors that vary spatially and temporally. The efficacy of three management interventions for recovering ryegrass populations and production in runout pasture was assessed in an experiment initiated in 2018/19 in central Waikato. Treatments were a long-spring rotation (LSR), a longer grazing deferral during late spring and summer (pasture deferral, PD) and under-sowing with perennial ryegrass (US), each applied to pastures of four ryegrass cultivars. In the year after the treatments were implemented, the yield of ryegrass in PD was 2.4 t DM/ha greater than for the control (7-year-old pasture), and ryegrass tiller populations initially doubled but later declined. Yields in US and LSR were intermediate but not significantly different from the control. Ground score changes responded more positively to PD compared with the other treatments. Relative to the baseline prior to initiation of the study, tiller populations increased for PD and US but declined for control and LSR. There were no interactions between management treatment and cultivar for any of the variables measured. Pasture deferral shows promise as an intervention for recovering failing ryegrass pastures through natural reseeding. However, the longevity of the benefits observed here has yet to be determined.

Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on tiller appearance and death rates of Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
A Minor

Use of Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) in subtropical environments has been limited by its lack of persistence, possibly resulting from poor grazing management. Perennial ryegrass tiller appearance rates (TAR) and tiller death rates (TDR) were monitored under sheep grazing for 2 years. There was a tillering ‘flush’ during the cool-season months, relative to summer. This flush was highest for spring, with a minor trough in winter, and was associated with high TAR and low TDR for these periods. Summer was characterised by high TDR and low TAR. Seasonal patterns of tillering and death were largely unaffected by grazing, although the magnitude of TAR and TDR was manipulated by grazing within a given season. Frequent intense grazing initially produced high TAR, but these were not sustained. Frequent intense grazing resulted in the highest TDR relative to other treatments. Infrequent grazing, irrespective of intensity, resulted in the lowest TDR, particularly during summer, and should be considered by managers to enhance persistence of perennial ryegrass in the subtropics.

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

The effect of biological additives on the composition and nutritive value of silage

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
M Gonzalez Yanez ◽  
R Mcginn ◽  
D H Anderson ◽  
A R Henderson ◽  
P Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Harvester

It Is claimed that the use of the correct enzyme system as an additive on grass silage will satisfactorily control the fermentation and reduce the cell-wall fibre content, thus preserving the nutrients In the silage and aiding their utilisation by the animal (Henderson and McDonald, 1977; Huhtanen et al, 1985; Raurama et al, 1987; Chamberlain and Robertson, 1989; Gordon, 1989;).The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of biological additives, enzymes or a combination of enzymes with an Inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, on the composition of silage and on its nutritive value when offered to store lambs as the sole constituent of their diet.On 1st June 1988, first cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) at pre-ear emergence was ensiled direct cut untreated (U), treated with a commercial enzyme (E) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria with enzymes (I) in 6t capacity bunker silos. The grass was cut with a mower and lifted with a New Holland precision chop forage harvester. The additives were pumped onto the grass using a dribble bar sited over the pick-up drum.

Potassium-enriched clinoptilolite zeolite mitigates the adverse impacts of salinity stress in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by increasing silicon absorption and improving the K/Na ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 112142
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Rahimi ◽  
Farzad Nazari ◽  
Taimoor Javadi ◽  
Saadi Samadi ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Clinoptilolite Zeolite
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