scholarly journals Management options to recover perennial ryegrass populations and productivity in run-out pastures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Griffiths ◽  
Mike Dodd ◽  
Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
David Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Water Holding

In parts of the upper North Island, farmers frequently report perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures failing within 3 or 4 years post-sowing. This appears to be related to interactions between several factors: climatic (drier, hotter summers), biotic (insect pest), soil (texture, water-holding capacity) and grazing management factors that vary spatially and temporally. The efficacy of three management interventions for recovering ryegrass populations and production in runout pasture was assessed in an experiment initiated in 2018/19 in central Waikato. Treatments were a long-spring rotation (LSR), a longer grazing deferral during late spring and summer (pasture deferral, PD) and under-sowing with perennial ryegrass (US), each applied to pastures of four ryegrass cultivars. In the year after the treatments were implemented, the yield of ryegrass in PD was 2.4 t DM/ha greater than for the control (7-year-old pasture), and ryegrass tiller populations initially doubled but later declined. Yields in US and LSR were intermediate but not significantly different from the control. Ground score changes responded more positively to PD compared with the other treatments. Relative to the baseline prior to initiation of the study, tiller populations increased for PD and US but declined for control and LSR. There were no interactions between management treatment and cultivar for any of the variables measured. Pasture deferral shows promise as an intervention for recovering failing ryegrass pastures through natural reseeding. However, the longevity of the benefits observed here has yet to be determined.

The influence of grazing frequency and intensity on the vigour of Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Second Year

Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) exhibits poor persistence in subtropical environments. Grazing management may enhance the vigour and hence persistence of this species. Perennial ryegrass was subjected to various grazing treatments, and its vigour, indexed by etiolated growth, was evaluated over 2 years. Pasture and individual tiller vigour were monitored under 5 combinations of grazing frequency and intensity, applied rotationally, and 1 treatment of continuous grazing. The vigour of infrequently grazed plots was greater than that of frequently or continuously grazed plots; however, grazing intensity did not influence vigour. Seasonally, vigour declined during mid (December and .January) to late (February and March) summer of the establishment year and from early summer (October) to autumn (May) during the second year. Poor vigour in frequently grazed plots was associated with low growth reserves rather than a lack of active tiller growth points. Towards the end of the second year, however, a lack of active tiller growth points also limited vigour in frequently grazed plots. Tillers from infrequently grazed plots (regardless of grazing intensity) had greater vigour than tillers from the frequently grazed plots. To enhance the vigour of perennial ryegrass in subtropical environments, the frequency of grazing should be reduced, particularly in summer.

Regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in response to temperature and defoliation

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Slack ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Prairie Grass

This glasshouse study was undertaken to determine the effect of temperature and defoliation on the regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth cv. Matua) in comparison with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Dobson). Individual plants of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass were grown in 2 mini-swards with one half as prairie grass and the other as ryegrass. From H0 (13 weeks after sowing) to the completion of the experiment at H3, one sward was maintained at a day/night temperature of 18/10˚C and the other at 25/15˚C. From H0 to H1, prairie grass was defoliated 4 times at the time taken to regrow 1 new leaf per tiller (1-leaf stage), 2 times at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 4-leaf stage to 60, 90, or 120 mm stubble height. Similarly, ryegrass was defoliated 3 times at the 1- leaf stage, once at the 1-leaf stage then once at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 3-leaf stage to 30, 60, or 90 mm stubble height. Plants were subsequently harvested at H1, H2, and H3, being the commencement, mid-point, and completion of the full regrowth cycle (4- and 3-leaf stage for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively). Prairie grass was more adversely affected by frequent defoliation than ryegrass. The combination of high temperature and frequent defoliation reduced growth rates by 66 v. 54%, stubble dry matter (DM) by 50 v. 11%, root DM by 62 v. 45%, and stubble water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) by 52 v. 21% for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively. In contrast, ryegrass was more affected by defoliation height than prairie grass, particularly at the higher temperature. Close defoliation and high temperature reduced growth rate by 35 v. 25%, root DM by 18 v. 0%, and stubble WSC by 84% v. 36% for ryegrass and prairie grass, respectively. The number of tillers per plant was reduced by close defoliation, more so at the high temperature in ryegrass but not in prairie grass. Defoliating prairie grass to 90 mm stubble height at the 4-leaf per tiller stage compared with the 1-leaf per tiller led to maximum restoration of stubble WSC reserves as well as maximising leaf and root growth. The higher stubble WSC and greater root DM of prairie grass, together with its ability to maintain growth rates and tillering under high temperature, are attributes which explain why prairie grass appears to be more productive and persistent than ryegrass in a subtropical environment.

The effects of grazing management on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) herbage mass and persistence in south-eastern Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Graham ◽  
T. Prance ◽  
R. P. Thompson ◽  
D. Borg ◽  
P. Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Positive Effect

The effect of various grazing management treatments on newly sown and degraded perennial ryegrass pastures was studied at 6 different locations in the temperate high rainfall zone of southern Australia, as part of the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program. The sites were located at Hamilton (2 sites, 1 grazed by cattle, 1 grazed by sheep) and Cavendish, western Victoria, Victor Harbor (Delamere), South Australia, and Ross and Parattah in Tasmania. Grazing management treatments significantly influenced the ryegrass mass and persistence of the pasture, but effects were not always consistent across sites. Autumn closure increased the perennial ryegrass content at Cavendish and Ross, as did the winter and summer closures at Ross. Spring closure increased the perennialryegrass content at Hamilton, Cavendish and Ross, but decreased it at Parattah, as did the summer closures at Parattah and Delamere. Fodder conservation decreased the ryegrass only at Parattah. At the Hamilton sheep site, and at Ross, mob stocking increased the ryegrass content, as did increased superphosphate treatments at Hamilton. Rotational grazing at Cavendish and Delamere increased the ryegrass content, as did the late spring or a late summer closure with a short autumn deferment at Cavendish and Ross, but both these treatments decreased ryegrass at Parattah. The treatments that had a negative effect at Parattah may have had a positive effect on cocksfoot at that site, creating competition for, and decreasing the ryegrass content. At most sites, treatments that included some spelling during spring to foster seed shedding, and spelling again in the following autumn to encourage germination seem to have been of benefit to the perennial ryegrass.

Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on tiller appearance and death rates of Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
A Minor

Use of Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) in subtropical environments has been limited by its lack of persistence, possibly resulting from poor grazing management. Perennial ryegrass tiller appearance rates (TAR) and tiller death rates (TDR) were monitored under sheep grazing for 2 years. There was a tillering ‘flush’ during the cool-season months, relative to summer. This flush was highest for spring, with a minor trough in winter, and was associated with high TAR and low TDR for these periods. Summer was characterised by high TDR and low TAR. Seasonal patterns of tillering and death were largely unaffected by grazing, although the magnitude of TAR and TDR was manipulated by grazing within a given season. Frequent intense grazing initially produced high TAR, but these were not sustained. Frequent intense grazing resulted in the highest TDR relative to other treatments. Infrequent grazing, irrespective of intensity, resulted in the lowest TDR, particularly during summer, and should be considered by managers to enhance persistence of perennial ryegrass in the subtropics.

scholarly journals STOLON FORMATION AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR SWARD TILLER DYNAMICS IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS

1989 ◽  
pp. 255-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matthew ◽  
S.J. Quilter ◽  
C.J. Korte ◽  
A.C.P. Chu ◽  
A.D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Tiller Dynamics ◽  
Earthworm Activity

In a pot trial to investigate stolen formation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). 4 genotypes of ryegrass tested all formed stolons. After burial with approximately 30 mm soil in August, cutting and burial, or cutting alone, stolen numbers in November were 18.8 and 3 (SED 3) per plant, respectively. In a grazed ryegrass sward stolen lengths were measured at intervals between May 1987 and April 1988, and for hard and lax grazed plots respectively, were 58 and 96 m/m2 in May, increased to 137 and 164 m/m2 in December, then declined to 47 and 74 ml m2 in April 1998. Active stolon formation in the field began when tillers were buried by earthworm activity and stock trampling in winter. It appears that stolen formation in ryegrass is a response to a seasonal cycle of burial similar to that for white clover. Studies of tagged tillers indicated a pattern of sward renewal in early summer by rapid production of large numbers of tillers from stolons at the base of dying flowering tillers. Other research results suggest that this pattern of sward renewal in perennial ryegrass may be widespread. Implications for grazing management are briefly discussed. Keywords: tiller appearnace rate, perennation, carbohydrate, perennial ryegrass, stolen formation

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

The effect of biological additives on the composition and nutritive value of silage

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
M Gonzalez Yanez ◽  
R Mcginn ◽  
D H Anderson ◽  
A R Henderson ◽  
P Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Harvester

It Is claimed that the use of the correct enzyme system as an additive on grass silage will satisfactorily control the fermentation and reduce the cell-wall fibre content, thus preserving the nutrients In the silage and aiding their utilisation by the animal (Henderson and McDonald, 1977; Huhtanen et al, 1985; Raurama et al, 1987; Chamberlain and Robertson, 1989; Gordon, 1989;).The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of biological additives, enzymes or a combination of enzymes with an Inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, on the composition of silage and on its nutritive value when offered to store lambs as the sole constituent of their diet.On 1st June 1988, first cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) at pre-ear emergence was ensiled direct cut untreated (U), treated with a commercial enzyme (E) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria with enzymes (I) in 6t capacity bunker silos. The grass was cut with a mower and lifted with a New Holland precision chop forage harvester. The additives were pumped onto the grass using a dribble bar sited over the pick-up drum.

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