Effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of Themeda triandra (Poaceae) in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens) woodland in central western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Cole ◽  
Ian D. Lunt ◽  
Terry Koen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Themeda Triandra ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eucalyptus Albens

Temperate grassy woodlands are endangered ecosystems in Australia, and many degraded remnants are in desperate need of understorey restoration. This experiment compared the effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of the original dominant grass, Themeda triandra Forssk., in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens Benth.) woodland at Cowra in central New South Wales (NSW). Awned Themeda seeds were surface-sown into replicated plots treated as follows: soil scalping, soil disturbance (by ripping), herbicide (simazine) application and retention of natural mulch. Scalping combined with soil disturbance best promoted Themeda establishment (47.8% after 40 days and 28% after 518 days), and also reduced broadleaf-herb densities. By contrast, scalping without soil disturbance had the worst effect on Themeda establishment (5.2% after 40 days and 4.5% after 518 days). Disturbance significantly enhanced Themeda establishment and decreased the density of annual grasses and the basal cover of non-Themeda species. By contrast, the retention of 500–800 kg of natural surface mulch had no apparent effect on Themeda establishment. Contrary to expectations, simazine reduced the density and basal cover of all species, including Themeda, which is normally resistant to this herbicide. All combinations of the mulched, disturbed and herbicide treatments (i.e. all treatments except scalping) gave similar results, ranging from 10.7 to 22.0 Themeda plants m–2 after 518 days. These results suggest that Themeda stands can be established in degraded box woodlands by using awned seed materials, with minimal seedbed preparation and simple sowing techniques. Further studies are required to determine whether established swards can resist weed invasion in the absence of ongoing weed management, and whether establishment success varies with soil conditions and landscape position.

Weed control and row-spacing in dry-land sorghum in northern New South Wales

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Holland ◽  
DW McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Growing Conditions

Six experiments were done in northern New South Wales over three seasons to study the effect of weeds on the yield of dry-land grain sorghum and methods of weed control. The relation between crop row spacing and weed control by inter-row cultivation or atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino- 6-isopropylamino-l,3,5-triazine), or both was studied. Where the site yield was high because of favourable growing conditions, an increase in the crop row spacing reduced yield. At low yielding sites, an increase in the row spacing increased yields. At most sites, weed growth was greater with wider row spacings, which resulted in a larger reduction in crop yield where weeds were not removed. Inter-row cultivation reduced weed growth to less than half that of the unweeded controls. Pre-emergent atrazine gave good weed suppression, generally reducing weed growth to less than 10% of the unweeded control when applied at 2.5 kg/ha active ingredient. Post-emergent atrazine was much less effective. Inter-row cultivation combined with a band of pre-emergent atrazine over the crop row was as effective in weed control as an overall spray of pre-emergent atrazine.

Pastures in temperate rice rotations of south-eastern Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAE Lattimore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Legume-based pastures have long been an integral part of rice growing in the southern New South Wales irrigation areas and still offer potential to improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the temperate rice-cropping system.This paper reviews both historical and current aspects of pastures in temperate rice rotations in southern New South Wales and highlights the importance of pastures in sustaining this cropping system as environmental pressures increase. Topics discussed include pasture species and rotations, their role in improving soil fertility and sustainability, the value of pastures in weed control, and their management for maximum profitability.

Weed control when establishing irrigated lucerne (Medicago sativa)

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
WL Felton ◽  
AC Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
South Wales

Three experiments were done at Tamworth, New South Wales, on weed control during lucerne establishment. In experiment 1, autumn sown, trifluralin incorporated in the soil eight weeks before sowing provided better control than benefin of grasses (mainly Poa annua) and deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule). Neither of these treatments controlled shepherds purse (Capsella bursa pastoris), reduced lucerne density nor increased its yield. Post emergent treatment with 2,4-DB or prometryne increased lucerne yield, the latter being the more effective. In experiment 2, also autumn sown, the problem weeds were deadnettle and shepherds purse. Trifluralin and benefin both increased lucerne yield when applied either one or three weeks before sowing, but hay quality, as gauged by weed contamination, was not improved. Post emergent application of prometryne increased lucerne yield and improved the quality of the hay. Experiment 3 was spring sown. The problem weed, barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp), was controlled by benefin and trifluralin, resulting in greater lucerne yield and better hay quality. Trifluralin was more effective when applied three weeks before sowing compared with one week.

Field studies of the effects of pre-sowing weed control and time of sowing on tropical perennial grass establishment, North-West Slopes, New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
M. A. Brennan ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Frequency

Two separate experiments on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales investigated: (1) the effects of differing lengths of pre-sowing weed control (2 years, 1 year, and 3–4 months in the spring immediately before sowing) on the soil seed density of liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) from November 2005 to November 2007 and its seedling density at establishment (December 2007), as well as on subsequent herbage mass and plant frequency of this species and Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi (Expt 1); and (2) the effects of cultivar, time of sowing (November 2006, January 2007, and March 2007), and defoliation in the autumn after sowing, on the over-wintering ability of 5 tropical perennial grasses (Expt 2). The cultivars sown in Expt 2 were Bambatsi, Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren, Chloris gayana cv. Katambora, Digitaria eriantha var. eriantha cv. Premier, and Bothriochloa bladhii var. glabra cv. Swann. At sowing (November 2007), liverseed grass seed and seedling densities in Expt 1 were lowest (P < 0.05) in the 2-year pre-sowing weed control treatment (15 and 13/m2, respectively), and the subsequent herbage mass of Bambatsi (January and October 2008) was highest (P < 0.05) in this treatment. In Expt 2, 59 frosts occurred in 2007, and Floren, Bambatsi, and Swann sown in March of that year over-wintered poorly and had lower (P < 0.05) herbage mass and plant frequency in the following spring compared with the other sowing times. These differences were also evident in autumn and spring 2008, up to 23 months after sowing.

Digital mapping of pre-European soil carbon stocks and decline since clearing over New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Gray ◽  
Thomas F. A. Bishop ◽  
Peter L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Over The Top

Digital soil models and maps have been developed for pre-European (pre-clearing) levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) over New South Wales, Australia. These provide a useful first estimate of natural, unaltered soil conditions before agricultural development, which are potentially important for many carbon-accounting schemes such as those prescribed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, carbon-turnover models such as RothC, and soil-condition monitoring programs. The modelling approach adopted included multiple linear regression and Cubist piecewise linear decision trees. It used 1690 soil profiles from undisturbed or only lightly disturbed native vegetation sites across all of eastern Australia, together with a range of covariates representing key soil-forming factors. The digital soil maps of pre-clearing SOC (% and mass) over New South Wales provide a more sophisticated alternative to currently available, equivalent maps. Independent validation of the SOC mass predictions over the top 30 cm revealed a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.76, which was 13% higher than the currently used map. Total pre-clearing SOC stocks amount to 4.21 Gt in the top 30 cm, which compared with a current stock estimate of 3.68 Gt, suggesting a total SOC loss of ~0.53 Gt over the entire state. The extent of SOC decline in both absolute and relative terms was found to be highly dependent on the climate, parent material and land use regime, reaching a maximum decline of 44.3 t/ha or 50.0% relative loss in cooler (moist) conditions over mafic parent materials under regular cropping use. The models also provide valuable pedological insights into the factors controlling SOC levels under natural conditions.

A grower survey of weeds and herbicide use in the New South Wales cotton industry

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
Grower Survey

In 1989, 52 cotton growers from the 7 major cotton areas of New South Wales were surveyed regarding their weed-control costs, major weed problems and herbicide use. This paper presents and discusses the major results from this survey. On average, weed control costs the cotton grower $A187/ha annually, the major components being $76/ha for cotton herbicides and $67/ha for hand chipping. The major cotton weeds are Xanthium occidentale, X. spinosum, Cyperus spp., Physalis spp. and Ipomoea lonchophylla. Although these weeds affect a large proportion of the cotton-growing area, their incidence is generally stable or declining under the current management systems. However, Cyperus spp., which presently affect 15% of the cotton area, are escaping the weed management practices and rapidly becoming the major weed problem in many fields. Diplachne fusca is a major weed on irrigation channels and is not controlled by the registered herbicides. Trifluralin, diuron and fluometuron herbicides are used in cotton by over 60% of cotton growers. Glyphosate is used by 59% of growers in fallows prior to cotton, and atrazine, diuron and glyphosate are used on irrigation channels by over 60% of growers. Generally, cotton growers are dissatisfied with t h e high cost of weed control and the ineffectiveness of control of some problem weeds such as Cyperus spp.

Overwintering and spring emergence of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepi–doptera: Noctuidae) in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. L Wilson ◽  
T. Lewis ◽  
R. B. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Heliothis Armigera ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Times ◽  
Diapause Development

AbstractThe overwintering of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) was studied in the Namoi Valley, north-western New South Wales, Australia. In field observations, over 80% of pupae formed during late April and May were found to be in diapause and did not resume development until September. Moth emergence from diapausing pupae occurred in a protracted period between September and November. Laboratory studies indicated the probability of two phases of diapause development, one completed under cool soil conditions of winter and a second requiring a temperature above about 17° C. The threshold of the second phase was higher than that for non-diapausing pupae and was not normally reached until late September. The times to diapause termination in populations of overwintering pupae were satisfactorily fitted to a geometric distribution, which was reflected in the protracted emergence period of moths in field cages. The limited availability of suitable host-plants for the overwintering generation and for emerging moths is discussed.

scholarly journals Weed control measures in New South Wales

1950 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 59-60
Author(s):  
K.R. Creen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
South Wales

Effects of grazing, slashing and burning on Aristida ramosa and sheep productivity in northern New South Wales

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
B. J. Gogel ◽  
K. A. Archer ◽  
B. R. Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Stocking Rates

Summary. Studies were conducted on a natural pasture dominated by Aristida ramosa (wiregrass) in northern New South Wales. In each of the 4 studies, treatments were designed to reduce wiregrass presence by grazing, using stocking rates up to 12.5–15.0 dry sheep equivalents (dse/ha) in summer and autumn (1983–88), slashing (1984–86), or burning (2 studies, 1985–88; 1986–88) in spring before heavily grazing in summer–autumn. Effects of these treatments on A. ramosa dry matter yield and basal cover, Danthonia linkii (wallaby grass) basal cover, sheep liveweight change and fleeceweight were measured for the different time periods. Wool quality was determined from mid-side samples taken in 1983–85. All treatments reduced A. ramosa dry matter yield and basal cover and increased D. linkii basal cover, compared with control plots continuously grazed at 5 dse/ha. From 1983 to 1988, A. ramosa dry matter yields in the control plots increased from about 1000 to 3500 kg/ha and its basal cover increased from 7 to 13%. In contrast, A. ramosa dry matter yields in heavily grazed, and spring burnt and heavily grazed treatments were <500 kg/ha, with basal cover levels of A. ramosa <0.3% while those of D. linkii were about 5%. Slashing before heavy grazing (1984–86) also reduced A. ramosa dry matter yields and basal cover compared with the control, but higher levels of A. ramosa (800 kg/ha dry matter, 1% basal cover) remained at the end of these studies. Heavy grazing of wiregrass led to significant negative liveweight changes, compared with sheep in control plots. Slashing or burning of wiregrass to remove dead material and increase green leaf before grazing at high stocking rates, markedly reduced rates of liveweight decline. Both grazing at high stocking rate and slashing in spring followed by heavy grazing, significantly reduced the amount of wool grown in the spring–winter period and significantly decreased either wool fibre diameter, strength or point-of-break. In the long term, sheep in wiregrass control plots lost more weight than those in treatment plots at equivalent stocking rates. Results suggest that on-farm control strategies based on late winter or spring burning, and heavy summer grazing should reduce the presence of wiregrass in similar pasture system.

Topsoil removal and carbon addition for weed control and native grass recruitment in a temperate-derived grassland in northern New South Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Brown ◽  
Nick Reid ◽  
Jackie Reid ◽  
Rhiannon Smith ◽  
R. D. B. (Wal) Whalley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Weed Cover

Restoring the grassy understorey to temperate woodlands in south-eastern Australia is often disregarded due to a poor understanding of the techniques involved. The natural recruitment of native grasses is uncommon in the remnants of some of these woodlands, so the restoration of the grass layer is often dependent on interventions to overcome restoration barriers. Soil enrichment from agricultural fertilisers favours the invasion of exotic broadleaf weeds and grasses, and is one of the primary barriers to the successful recruitment and establishment of native grasses, which dominated before agricultural development. This study on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales investigated the effects of different weed control treatments – scalping, glyphosate (Roundup®) herbicide, and combinations of glyphosate with carbon (sugar and sawdust) addition and a control (nil treatment) recruitment of native grasses and weed emergence after broadcast seeding. The experimental site was a mown grass lawn consisting of fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir). Native grass recruitment varied significantly between treatments. The maximum number of recruits in scalped plots was 29 recruits m–2 compared with an average of <2 recruits m–2 for the glyphosate and glyphosate carbon combinations. Scalping reduced soil nitrogen from 0.6% in non-scalped plots to 0.1% and phosphorus from 191.6 ppm to 40.3 ppm. Maximum weed cover occurred in the glyphosate herbicide treatment (45%), whereas combinations of glyphosate plus either sugar or sawdust maintained weed cover at 13%. The present study suggests that scalping may be a successful intervention strategy because it has the potential to significantly improve native grass recruitment compared with other restoration methods used in this study. Scalping allows more time for native grasses to germinate and establish in the absence of competitive fast-growing exotic weeds.

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