A framework for quantifying water extraction and water stress responses of perennial lucerne

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish E. Brown ◽  
Derrick J. Moot ◽  
Andrew L. Fletcher ◽  
Peter D. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Wide Range

A generic framework was developed and validated for predicting the water extraction and water stress responses of perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa) to improve existing crop models. Perennial forages have roots established throughout a soil profile so require a different approach to quantify water extraction patterns than annual crops. Two years of experimental data from two fields in New Zealand, each containing dryland and irrigated lucerne crops, were analysed to develop the theory of the water extraction framework. This showed that the temporal pattern of water extraction was consistent and each year commenced in the shallowest layer and progressed downward. Water extraction from each soil layer was quantified as the minimum of soil water supply and crop demand for that layer. For each soil layer, water demand was represented by transpiration demand (the product of potential evapotranspiration and crop cover) minus the sum of water extraction in overlying layers. This approach gave accurate descriptions of water extraction patterns over a range of rainfall and irrigation situations. Water supply from each soil layer (l) was quantified as the product of plant-available water and an extraction rate constant (kll). The kll of lucerne could not be calculated using the traditional curve-fitting procedure so kll was calculated by integrating the water extraction framework described above with a soil water balance and fitting kll to minimise residuals for water extraction predictions in each soil layer. This gave kll values that decreased from 0.035/day in the 0–0.2 m layer of soil to 0.01/day in the deepest layer measured (1.8–2.3 m). The water extraction framework was validated against another 3 years of dryland and irrigated lucerne data and gave accurate predictions of water extraction patterns throughout the soil profile. Water stress was quantified from actual transpiration relative to transpiration demand (T/TD). The most sensitive variable was leaf area expansion, which decreased from an optimum at T/TD = 1 to zero at T/TD = 0.2, followed by radiation-use efficiency, which decreased from an optimum at T/TD = 1 to zero at a T/TD of zero. The framework for quantifying water extraction and the techniques determined for identifying appropriate parameters to measure and characterise the framework are expected to be generally applicable to perennial forages in a wide range of environments.

scholarly journals Soil water extraction by roots and Kc for the coffee crop

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana L. da Silva ◽  
Isabeli P. Bruno ◽  
Klaus Reichardt ◽  
Osny O. S. Bacchi ◽  
Durval Dourado-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Soil Water Extraction ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Basic information for a rational soil-water management of the coffee crop is still insufficient, particularly under irrigated conditions. Of great importance for the estimation of water requirements of coffee crops are their root distribuition and evapotranspiration crop coefficients. This study compares soil water extraction by roots of coffee plants of the variety "Catuaí Vermelho" (IAC-44), grown in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 3 to 5 years old, with direct measurements of root dry matter, showing a good agreement between both approaches, and confirming that most of the root system is distributed in the top soil layer (0-0.3 m) and that less than 10% of the root system reaches depths greater than 1.0 m. Calculated evapotranspiration crop coefficients are in agreement with those found in the literature, with an average of 1.1, independent of shoot dry matter, plant height and leaf area index.

Water balance and irrigation planning in a forest tree nursery

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-579
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Jean Stein ◽  
André P. Plamondon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Irrigation Planning ◽  
Tree Nursery ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension

A soil water budget was established to estimate the water loss from the 0- to 60-cm layer as a result of evapotranspiration in a forest tree nursery. Estimated evapotranspiration totaled 69% of potential evapotranspiration (as estimated by the Penman equation) for 36 selected periods from May 15 to July 30, 1975. The root zone (0- to 15-cm layer) supplied 58% of the total evapotranspired water from the soil profile. Evapotranspiration from this layer was found to be a good predictor of total water loss. Evapotranspiration from the root zone, expressed as a percentage of potential evapotranspiration, was related to soil water tension at 3 cm depth. This relationship, combined with a knowledge of soil hydrodynamic properties, can be used to estimate evapotranspiration from the 0- to 60-cm soil profile, which in turn can be used to predict irrigation needs. For practical purposes, a relationship using net radiation instead of potential evapotranspiration can also be used. Depending on the available information, either of these two relationships may be used for irrigation planning.

EPIC estimates of soil water, nitrogen and carbon under semiarid temperate conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Roloff ◽  
R. de jong ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
V. M. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Support Tool

The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model is an important support tool for environmental management. Previous tests of the model have determined that it is suitable for long-term yield estimation, but it is less precise in assessing annual yield variability. To determine the reasons for the discrepancies between estimated and measured yields, we tested the ability of EPIC version 5300 to predict soil water and soil nitrogen dynamics, using data from a long-term spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation experiment in the semiarid prairie region of Canada. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates varied among methods tested: Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith methods resulted in PET means that were about twice those obtained with the Hargreaves and Baier-Robertson methods. The higher PET means were associated with an excessive estimation of net radiation. We used the Baier-Robertson method to generate the other estimates reported herein. EPIC generally overestimated total soil water, but it still allowed clear differentiation among rotation phases and times of the year, and provided adequate estimates of water during the critical shot-blade stage. Water estimates by soil layer were also generally overpredicted, especially at depths from 0.15 to 0.60 m, but we were able to differentiate among rotation phases and times of the year. Precision of these latter estimates was generally low, accounting at most for 27% of the variability, and varied by soil layer, rotation phase and time of the year. Nitrate-N estimates tended to be lower than measured values, especially at depths below 0.3 m and during vegetative growth phases. However, the estimates also allowed us to distinguish among the rotation phases and times of the year. Total N and organic C were satisfactorily estimated by EPIC. In general, EPIC provided adequate long-term estimates of the environmental quality indicators tested. Key words: Environmental quality, environmental modelling, sustainability, spring wheat, fallow, potential evapotranspiration methods

Modeling Evapotranspiration and Crop Growth of Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Corn in the Texas High Plains Using RZWQM

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Zhang ◽  
Robert Wayne Malone ◽  
Liwang Ma ◽  
Lajpat R. Ahuja ◽  
Saseendran S. Anapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Area Index

Abstract. Accurate quantification and management of crop evapotranspiration (ET) are critical to optimizing crop water productivity for both dryland and irrigated agriculture, especially in the semiarid regions of the world. In this study, four weighing lysimeters in Bushland, Texas, were planted to maize in 1994 with two fully irrigated and two non-irrigated for measuring crop ET. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was used to evaluate soil water balance and crop production with potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimated from either the Shuttleworth-Wallace method (PTSW) or the ASCE standardized alfalfa reference ET multiplied by crop coefficients (PTASCE). As a result, two water stress factors were defined from actual transpiration (AT) and were tested in the model against the lysimeter data, i.e., AT/PTSW and AT/PTASCE. For both water stress factors, the simulated daily ET values were reasonably close to the measured values, with underestimated ET during mid-growing stage in both non-irrigated lysimeters. Root mean squared deviations (RMSDs) and relative RMSDs (RMSD/observed mean) values for leaf area index, biomass, soil water content, and daily ET were within simulation errors reported earlier in the literature. For example, the RMSDs of simulated daily ET were less than 1.52 mm for all irrigated and non-irrigated lysimeters. Overall, ET was simulated within 3% of the measured data for both fully irrigated lysimeters and undersimulated by less than 11% using both stress factors for the non-irrigated lysimeters. Our results suggest that both methods are promising for simulating crop production and ET under irrigated conditions, but the methods need to be improved for dryland and non-irrigated conditions. Keywords: ET, RZWQM modeling, Stress factor, Weighing lysimeter.

RESPONSE OF BROCCOLI TO FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MAURER
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Head Formation

Plants of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, were grown in weighing lysimeters and exposed to five soil water regimes. These regimes restored soil water to field capacity at 88% of available water for the wet treatment, 60% for the medium and 32% for the dry. In the wet–dry and dry–wet regimes, water depletion levels were changed at time of head formation. Soil water stress imposed prior to heading reduced plant size, but yield of marketable heads was not significantly reduced from that of plants grown in the wet regime when an adequate water supply was maintained after heading. Yield of marketable heads was least in the dry and wet–dry regimes and intermediate in the medium regime. Plants in the dry–wet regime did not consume as much water as those in the wet regime during the period from heading to harvest. In maritime areas which do not normally experience excessively high temperatures, withholding irrigation until heads begin to form can be recommended, provided the soil type is capable of retaining moisture and is at field capacity at planting.

scholarly journals Community-specific hydraulic conductance potential of soil water decomposed for two Alpine grasslands by small-scale lysimetry

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Frenck ◽  
Georg Leitinger ◽  
Nikolaus Obojes ◽  
Magdalena Hofmann ◽  
Christian Newesely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Alpine Grasslands ◽  
Water Conductance ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events

Abstract. For central Europe in addition to rising temperatures an increasing variability in precipitation is predicted. This will increase the probability of drought periods in the Alps, where water supply has been sufficient in most areas so far. For Alpine grasslands, community-specific imprints on drought responses are poorly analyzed so far due to the sufficient natural water supply. In a replicated mesocosm experiment we compared evapotranspiration (ET) and biomass productivity of two differently drought-adapted Alpine grassland communities during two artificial drought periods divided by extreme precipitation events using high-precision small lysimeters. The drought-adapted vegetation type showed a high potential to utilize even scarce water resources. This is combined with a low potential to translate atmospheric deficits into higher water conductance and a lower biomass production as those measured for the non-drought-adapted type. The non-drought-adapted type, in contrast, showed high water conductance potential and a strong increase in ET rates when environmental conditions became less constraining. With high rates even at dry conditions, this community appears not to be optimized to save water and might experience drought effects earlier and probably more strongly. As a result, the water use efficiency of the drought-adapted plant community is with 2.6 gDW kg−1 of water much higher than that of the non-drought-adapted plant community (0.16 gDW kg−1). In summary, the vegetation's reaction to two covarying gradients of potential evapotranspiration and soil water content revealed a clear difference in vegetation development and between water-saving and water-spending strategies regarding evapotranspiration.

scholarly journals Calculation of available water supply in crop root zone and the water balance of crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Haberle ◽  
Pavel Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Available Water Content ◽  
Access To Data

Abstract Determination of the water supply available in soils for crops is important for both the calculation of water balance and the prediction of water stress. An approach to calculations of available water content in layers of the root zone, depletion of water during growth, and water balance, with limited access to data on farms, is presented. Soil water retention was calculated with simple pedotransfer functions from the texture of soil layers, root depth, and depletion function were derived from observed data; and the potential evapotranspiration was calculated from the temperature. A comparison of the calculated and experimental soil water contents showed a reasonable fit.

Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south-eastern Queensland. II.Plant growth and soil water extraction patterns

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Soil Water Extraction ◽  
Dehydration Avoidance

Growth and water use of soybean (Glycine max), black gram (Vigna mungo), green gram (V. radiata) and cowpea (V. unguiculata) in response to water stress were evaluated in the field at Dalby in southeast Queensland. Differing strategies of growth and water use which reflected the differential expression of dehydration avoidance and developmental plasticity in response to stress were identified among species. The primary difference between strategies related to differences in dehydration avoidance. Soil water extraction during the initial phases of drought was faster, and leaf area development and plant growth were relatively less affected, in soybean than in the Vigna spp. Where adequate soil water existed, these differences were sustained during the drought period but were reversed where soil water was limited. Soil water extraction by soybean occurred to greater depths, and to lower potentials, than in the Vigna spp. Developmental plasticity influenced growth pattern in the Vigna spp. to varying degrees. Drought periods invariably curtailed growth and hastened maturity in green gram and black gram, but rain prior to maturity induced renewed growth in black gram. Moderate stress curtailed growth and hastened maturity in cowpea, which also responded to late rains with renewed growth. Severe stress inhibited growth and delayed development in cowpea indefinitely.

scholarly journals Gogo rice agronomic patterns on water supply variables and light intensity

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012131
Author(s):  
Siti Aisyah ◽  
Chairani Hanum ◽  
Revandy Iskandar M Damanik
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Abstract The study was aimed to find out the varieties of Gogo rice that are resistence of water supply and the low of light intensity and giving information about the varieties that are resistence of double water stress. The study was conducted on November 2020 to May 2021 and used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with three factors. The first factor is soil water content of D1 40%, D2 60%, D3 80%., the second is shade intensity of N0 0%, N1 20%, N2 40%, and N3 60%. and the third is the varieties of V1 Situbagendit, V2 Red Sigambiri, V3 Inpago 8, V4 White Sigambiri. The result showed that there were differences of growing in different treatnent where the highest of plant of D3N0V1 is 54,73, the highest number of leaves of D3N0V1 is 7.03 and the highest tillers of D3N0V1 is 6.01. On each lowest observation of D1N2V4, the plants died at the age of 12 mds. The findings of the study showed that the soil water content of 80 %, and shade intensity of 0 % are significant effect on Gogo Varieties of Situbagendit.

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