A novel approach to planting grass - legume pastures in the mixed farming zone of southern inland Queensland, Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Whitbread ◽  
C. A. Hall ◽  
B. C. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
Novel Approach

Reliable establishment of pasture systems with a desirable composition of grasses and legumes remains a challenge in the highly variable climates of the northern grain belt of southern inland Queensland. In this paper, an alternative system is proposed whereby legumes and grasses are planted simultaneously in alternative strips. A 4-year study tested the establishment, production, and botanical composition of the tropical legume species Macroptilium bracteatum cvv. Cardaga and Juanita, Lablab purpureus cv. Endurance, and Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra sown as pure stands or with grass strips. The grass strips, and a grass-only treatment, both contained a mix of Panicum maximum cv. Petrie, Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren, and Bothriochloa insculpta cv. Bisset. L. purpureus was relatively unproductive, yielding ~2000 kg/ha dry matter (DM) produced in each of the first 2 years. M. bracteatum produced 2050 and 3300 kg/ha DM in Years 1 and 2, with declining plant populations and DM in subsequent years. C. ternatea produced 960 kg/ha DM in Year 1, 2730 kg/ha DM in Year 2, and continued to persist throughout the trial, albeit at low DM production levels. The grass-only treatment was dominated by the sown grass species, while the legume-based treatments were dominated by a colonising native species, Dichanthium sericeum, in the fourth and final year. Sowing grass strips adjacent to the legume areas proved a successful strategy, with the proportion of sown grasses in the legume strips increasing to >20% of total DM by Year 4. Soil carbon changes did not differ between treatments, but total C in the top 0.15 m increased from 0.99% in Year 1 to 1.13% in Year 4, representing a net gain of 6.5 t/ha in C over 3 years.

scholarly journals Recovery of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae from three grass species contaminated in the autumn

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Abdallah da Rocha ◽  
Patrizia Ana Bricarello ◽  
Gilberto Pedroso da Rocha ◽  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Experimental Plots

This experiment aimed to assess the recovery of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiana, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast-cross and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana. The experimental module comprised six plots, with two plots per herbage species. Larval survival was assessed from autumn to winter, under the effect of two herbage-paring heights (5 and 30 cm). TThe paring was carried out immediately before contamination with faces containing T. colubriformis eggs. The feces and herbage were collected at one, two, four, eight, 12 and 16 weeks after feces had been deposited in the experimental plots. In general, larvae were recovered from both herbage and feces until the 16th week. The longer persistence of these larvae in the environment was probably due to warmer temperatures. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture was not influenced by the height of plants, except for Brachiaria and Aruana herbage in the fourth week. Regarding the concentrations of larvae per kg of dry matter (L3/kg DM), recovery was higher from low pasture in all three herbage species. During the autumn, the development and survival of the T. colubriformis free-living stages were not affected by the different herbage species.

The value of faecal nitrogen and faecal crude fibre in estimating intake of four subtropical grass species

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Milford
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Common Mean ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen

For each four subtropical grasses there is a significant correlation between daily dry matter intake and total nitrogen in faeces per day. The data have been tested for homogeneity under two hypotheses. In the first a test of the difference in slope between the four regression lines showed that they were not statistically different. It was shown that for a common mean value for total faecal nitrogen, the calculated mean daily dry matter intakes of Paspalum commersonii Lam., Urochloa pullulans Stapf, and Chloris gayana Kunth were similar and the relationship for these three could be expressed by one regression line. However, the calculated mean daily dry matter intake for Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (K. Schum.) Eyles was significantly different from those for the other three grasses and P. maximum var. trichoglume cannot be included in a general regression. In the second hypothesis it was shown that all regression lines could pass through the origin. However, as in the first hypothesis, P. commersonii, U. pullulans, and C. gayana could be represented by a common regression line whllst the regression line for P. maximum differed significantly in slope from those of the other three grasses. The results indicate that species can be grouped for this relationship, and that it could be used to measure intake of the free grazing animal on monospecific swards or on mixed swards of species with similar relationships. Lancaster's technique for determining digestibility is discussed in the light of these relationships. Neither percentage faecal nitrogen nor faecal crude fibre was found to be satisfactorily correlated with dry matter digestibility.

The sodium concentration in some tropical pasture species with reference to animal requirements

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
MJ Playne
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Low Levels

A survey was made of the sodium concentration in eight grass and legume pasture species in the Townsville region. The grass species could be characterized according to sodium concentration. Panicum maximum, Chloris gayana, and Cenchrus setigerus were 'high-sodium' species (>0.40 per cent Na), whereas Urochloa mosambicensis had a medium sodium concentration, and Cenchrus ciliaris, Heteropogon contortus, and the legumes Stylosanthes humilis and Phaseolus atropurpureus were `low-medium� species (<0.10 per cent Na). The sodium concentration in five species grown at five sites located within 257 kilometres of Townsville, Queensland, was also examined at one stage of growth. Since several common pasture species contained low levels of sodium (<0.05 per cent of dry matter) deficiency symptoms could occur in grazing stock under certain circumstances.

Grass-white clover relationships during pasture development. 1. Effect of superphosphate

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
A Lazenby
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Clover Content

The effects of superphosphate (0, 42, 125, and 375 kg ha-1 year-1), grass species (tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and phalaris) and grass seeding rate (0, 1.1, 4.5, and 17.9 kg ha-1) on the productivity and botanical composition of grass-white clover pastures were investigated from 1967 to 1970 on a previously unfertilized site at Armidale, New South Wales. In all years, total pasture yields were increased by each additional increment of superphosphate applied. During the establishment year, the addition of 375 kg ha-1 superphosphate increased clover dry matter yield by more than 3500 kg ha-1, whereas grass production was low (< 1500 kg ha-1) on all treatments. Thereafter, the increases in grass yields at each level of superphosphate were the equal of, or exceeded, the clover responses, which were mainly linear throughout the experiment. Neither grass seeding rate nor grass species had a major effect on total pasture productivity. Their effects on the relative yields of the grass and clover components were most evident at the highest rate of superphosphate. At SP0, grass and clover percentages declined from 1967 to 1970 and at SP125 the proportions of grass, clover and weeds were about equal in all years. At SP375, the strong overall trend from clover-dominance in 1967 to grass-dominance in 1970 was most rapid in treatments sown with 4.5 or 17.9 kg ha-1 grass and least rapid in phalaris-white clover pastures. In 1969 and 1970, when most pastures at SP375, had reached the grass-dominant stage of their development, within-year fluctuations in grass and clover content were least in the fescue-white clover pastures.

A comparison of the yield of three grass species at various levels of nitrogenous fertilizer sown alone or in a mixture

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Cowling ◽  
D. R. Lockyer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThe production of herbage dry matter harvested from a mixture of S. 24 perennial ryegrass, S. 37 cocksfoot and S. 48 timothy is compared with the yields of the same species sown alone. Various levels of fertilizer nitrogen were applied to the grasses which were harvested by cutting fourteen times over a 3-year period.The possibility that the mixture produced a greater yield than swards of pure species (after taking into account that the three species are not present in equal proportions in herbage harvested from the mixture) was examined using the concept of ‘the sum of the relative yields’. There was no evidence of a beneficial or antagonistic effect of one species on another; rather, the species seemed to be ‘mutually exclusive’ (de Wit & van den Bergh, 1965).The botanical composition of the mixture changed through the course of the experiment, e.g. cocksfoot became increasingly dominant, particularly at the highest level of nitrogen. Changes in composition accounted for any tendency for the yield of the mixture to deviate from the mean of the pure-sown swards.Some of the advantages and disadvantages of using mixtures are discussed and it is concluded that a rational approach to grassland husbandry should be based on swards sown to a single grass variety.

Botanical composition, yield and fermentative characteristics of lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaría júncea L.) with yellow corn (Zea mays L.) for silage production.

1969 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 133-149
Author(s):  
David Zavala ◽  
Elide Valencia ◽  
Paul F. Randel ◽  
Rafael Ramos-Santana
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Sunn Hemp

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an ¡deal crop for silage because of its high levels of fermentable carbohydrates, but its major limitation for use in human and animal feeding is its low crude protein (CP) concentration. An alternative to increase CP in corn silage is through its association with annual legumes. This study involved intercropping two annual legumes, lablab (Lablab purpureus) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), with two yellow corn cultivars (HR-ORO and QPM) to assess the effect on dry matter yield (DMY); botanical composition of forage; CP, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) contents; and fermentation products upon ensiling. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Substation at Isabela, Puerto Rico, between September and December 2009 In an Oxisol soil. The experimental design was a split plot with 2 x 3 factorial; the main plots were the corn cultivars, and the subplots were the legume-corn associations and corn monoculture, with four replicates per treatment. Compared with that in corn monoculture, the mean incidence of weeds in the crop decreased from 31.08 to 13.64% in the associations, as the DMY increased from 8,216 to 10,068 kg/ha. The dry matter (DM) content of the silages was higher (P < 0.05) in monoculture (26.05%) than in association with lablab (24.30%), whereas CP increased from 9.5% (monoculture) to 10.6% (association). The overall content of NDF in the silage was 53.56%, and that of ADF increased from 32.68% in monoculture to 37.26% with legume inclusion. The overall values of the silages were pH, 3.75; percentages of lactic, acetic and total acids, 6.96, 2.53, and 9.40; and proportion N-NK/N total, 5.55%. There was little effect of the treatments on these variables, which is indicative of well-preserved silage. Corn-legume associations benefited weed control and DMY in the field, and increased the CP content of silage without affecting the fermentation process.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Arroquy ◽  
M. V. Cornacchione ◽  
D. Colombatto ◽  
C. Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Arroquy, J. I., Cornacchione, M. V., Colombatto, D. and Kunst, Jr., C. 2014. Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 705–715. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of preservation type on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of warm-season grasses (WSG). Treatments consisted of two factors (6×2): the first factor was tropical grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris (cv. Biloela, and cv. Molopo), Chloris gayana (cv. Callide and cv. Finecut), Panicum maximum, and Brachiaria bryzanta; and the second factor was preservation type (hay vs. silage). Cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and water-soluble carbohydrate (P<0.05) concentrations were different among WSG. In general, hay or silage altered fiber content compared with fresh. For instance, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were lower in silage than in hay and fresh grass (P<0.05). Gas production rates were higher in silage from 0 to 24 h of fermentation, except at 4 h of incubation. After 24 h, gas production (GP) rate was similar for both preservation types, whilst potential GP was similar between preservation types. However, silage had decreased lag time compared with hay (P<0.01). Silage had greater dry matter disappearance than hay (P<0.05), and gas production yield was similar for grass species and preservation type. Our results indicate that WSG conserved as silage showed beneficial changes in chemical composition and dry matter degradation compared with hay.

scholarly journals Dry matter yield, mineral contents and proximate composition of Panicum maximum (Jacq var. Ntchisi) sown with forage legumes

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-189
Author(s):  
F. T Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mineral Contents

This study assessed the dry matter yield, mineral and proximate composition of Panicum maximum Jacq var. Ntchisi planted with Lablab purpureus (Lablab), Centrosema pubescens (Centro), Aeschynomene histrix (A. histrix) and Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo) in a 3 x 5 factorial experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design in early, mid and late rainy season. The dry matter yields (DMY) of panicum sown with Lablab (11.82 t/ha/yr) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that observed for other mixtures. The least DMY of 9.46 t/ha/yr was observed for panicum in panicum/ A. histrix mixture. The yields recorded for Stylo and Lablab were highest in mid and late rainy seasons than in the early rain. Panicum sown with Lablab had the highest DM (37.71g/100g DM), Crude protein (CP) (11.36g/100g DM), ether extracts (7.20g/100g DM) and ash content (2.52g/100g DM). Among the legumes, Lablab had the highest CP (23.29 g/100g DM), crude fibre (10.61 g/100g DM) and ash content (3.96 g/100g DM). However, Centro was highest in ether extract (9.30g/100g DM). Panicum sown with Lablab had higher concentration of sodium (Na) and iron (Fe) while panicum planted with Stylo had highest concentration of phosphorus (P). The concentration of calcium (Ca) was similar (P>0.05) among the mixtures but differed (P<0.05) in the legumes. Stylo had the highest Ca concentration (0.72%) whereas highest P and Fe values were observed in Lablab. In conclusion, panicum harvested from panicum/lablab mixture had the highest DMY, CP, EE and ash content of grass in early, mid and late rainy season than the other mixtures.   

scholarly journals Yield of maize grain and tropical grass species under intercropping management system using nicosulfuron herbicide in off-season cultivation

2019 ◽  
pp. 1756-1763
Author(s):  
Armindo Neivo Kichel ◽  
Luiz Carlos Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Ademar Pereira Serra ◽  
Roberto Giolo de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Maize Grain

This research aimed to evaluate the maize grain yield and forage of grass species under intercropping system using nicosulfuron herbicide. In order to assess the parameters related to maize, a randomized block design was defined. The treatments were arranged in a (5 × 2+ 1) × 2 factorial design with four repetitions resulting in 11 treatments, where maize was cultivated under intercropping condition with different forage species (5) (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Piatã, Xaraés, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) and maize monoculture (1) as control treatment, with and without nicosulfuron herbicide application (2) in two growing seasons (2014 and 2015). The off-season intercropping of maize with tropical forage grasses with and without herbicide suppression decreased maize grain yield. The suppression with nicosulfuron herbicide decreased the dry matter production of forage grasses. Intercropping of P. maximum cv. Mombaça with maize showed higher decrease in maize grain yield. On the other hand, it showed higher forage grasses production for livestock feeding. B. brizantha cv. Piatã was the forage which less affected maize grain yield under intercropping, even with absence of nicosulfuron suppression. Off-season maize under intercropping with tropical forages can be used to recover degraded pastures; increasing forage dry matter production for livestock, remaining the soil covered with straws with possibility of no-till seeding for the next cultivation.

Correction - The sodium concentration in some tropical pasture species with reference to animal requirements

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
MJ Playne
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Low Levels

A survey was made of the sodium concentration in eight grass and legume pasture species in the Townsville region. The grass species could be characterized according to sodium concentration. Panicum maximum, Chloris gayana, and Cenchrus setigerus were 'high-sodium' species (>0.40 per cent Na), whereas Urochloa mosambicensis had a medium sodium concentration, and Cenchrus ciliaris, Heteropogon contortus, and the legumes Stylosanthes humilis and Phaseolus atropurpureus were `low-medium� species (<0.10 per cent Na). The sodium concentration in five species grown at five sites located within 257 kilometres of Townsville, Queensland, was also examined at one stage of growth. Since several common pasture species contained low levels of sodium (<0.05 per cent of dry matter) deficiency symptoms could occur in grazing stock under certain circumstances.

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