Some mechanisms regulating nutrient utilisation in livestock during immune activation: an overview

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, TNFα and IFN α/β, produced during immune activation and tissue injury, override control of nutrient utilisation by the hypothalamic-somatotropic axis. The many effects of these cytokines include induction of fever and sickness behaviour, reduced fatty acid uptake by adipose tissue, reduced protein synthesis and enhanced protein breakdown in skeletal muscle, and gluconeogenesis, increased fatty acid synthesis and synthesis of acute phase proteins in the liver. Resistance to the effects of insulin, GH and IGF-1 is induced in adipose tissues, liver and muscle, at least in part through induction by pro-inflammatory cytokines of SOCS proteins which inhibit signal transduction and activation of gene transcription via the JAK/STAT pathway. These homeorhetic changes mobilise nutrients to fuel host defence responses. While an understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the catabolic state have arisen largely from studies of sepsis, trauma and acute challenge with biological mediators of the acute phase response, recent evidence in livestock suggests that graded production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during challenge with pathogens or subclinical infection can induce an incremental reduction in nutrient accretion in products of commercial value from livestock. This relationship highlights the value of good hygiene and reduced stress to improved feed utilisation for growth.

Metabolic effects of host defence responses during gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Following stimulation of the immune system, tissue trauma, or exposure to some stressors, there can be activation of the acute phase response (APR). This is a primitive defence reaction that helps protect the host against noxious insults. Part of the response involvess a change in priorities for nutrient utilisation, when the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, TNFα, IL-6 and IFNα/β override the normal hypothalamic-somatotropic control of nutrient utilisation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines reduce protein synthesis and increase protein catabolism in muscle, induce synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver, and decrease de novo fatty acid synthesis and increase lipolysis in adipose tissue. In the central nervous system there is induction of fever, which increases metabolic rate, and induction of sickness behaviour. There are few reports in the literature of studies on the APR during gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in sheep. However, IL-6 message is present in mucosa during Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection and mast cells in many species contain preformed TNFα. The changes in appetite, growth and nitrogen metabolism seen during GIN parasitism in sheep are in accord with the systemic effects of the APR. This review reports studies on activation of the APR in mastitis and fly strike, and the effects of APR on wool growth in high and low tensile strength genotypes and during Haemonchus contortus infection. The modified capacity of tissues to take up amino acids during pro-inflammatory cytokine perturbation of nutrient utilisation may limit the capacity for dietary supplementation to remedy the cost of host defence. Genetic variation may occur in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or in tissue sensitivity to pro-inflammatory cytokines during GIN infection and may provide a basis for selection for resilience. Some questions for future research are identified.

Lymphocyte Phenotype Alterations, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Acute Phase Proteins Following Repeated Bouts of Mountainous Hill-Running

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S412-S413
Author(s):  
Richard J. Simpson ◽  
Keith Guy ◽  
Greg P. Whyte ◽  
Natalie Middleton ◽  
James R. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Lymphocyte Phenotype ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

scholarly journals Administration of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Inhibitor, TRO40303, prior to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Does Not Affect the Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines or Acute-Phase Proteins

Cardiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen Butt ◽  
Lena K. Bache-Mathiesen ◽  
Jan Erik Nordrehaug ◽  
Vegard Tuseth ◽  
Peter Scott Munk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore ◽  
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Permeability Transition Pore ◽  
Permeability Transition ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Objectives: In the MITOCARE study, reperfusion injury was not prevented after administration of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening inhibitor, TRO40303, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The effects of TRO40303 on pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins were assessed. Methods: STEMI patients (n = 163, mean age 62 years) with chest pain within 6 h before admission for pPCI were randomized to intravenous bolus of TRO40303 (n = 83) or placebo (n = 80) prior to reperfusion. We tested whether the groups differed in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein at various time points (0, 12, and 72 h) after PCI. Further, potential differences between groups in the change of biomarker levels between 0 and 72 h, 0 and 12 h, and 12 and 72 h were tested. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, neither in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines nor in levels of acute-phase proteins, and there were no statistically significant differences in the change of biomarker levels between the groups considering the time intervals from 0 to 72 h, from 0 to 12 h, and from 12 to 72 h. Conclusion: The administration of the mPTP, TRO40303, prior to reperfusion does not alter the pharmacokinetics of pro-inflammatory cytokines or acute-phase proteins during the first 72 h after PCI.

scholarly journals FSMP-15. EVALUATING THE ROLE OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN PROMOTING GLIOBLASTOMA GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i19-i19
Author(s):  
Divya Ravi ◽  
Carmen del Genio ◽  
Haider Ghiasuddin ◽  
Arti Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Exogenous Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Glioblastomas (GBM) or Stage IV gliomas, are the most aggressive of primary brain tumors and are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Patients diagnosed with this lethal cancer have a dismal survival rate of 14 months and a 5-year survival rate of 5.6% despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Aberrant lipid metabolism, particularly abnormally active de novo fatty acid synthesis, is recognized to have a key role in tumor progression and chemoresistance in cancers. Previous studies have reported a high expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in patient tumors, leading to multiple investigations of FASN inhibition as a treatment strategy. However, none of these have developed as efficacious therapies. Furthermore, when we profiled FASN expression using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) we determined that high FASN expression in GBM patients did not confer a worse prognosis (HR: 1.06; p-value: 0.51) and was not overexpressed in GBM tumors compared to normal brain. Therefore, we need to reexamine the role of exogenous fatty acid uptake over de novofatty acid synthesis as a potential mechanism for tumor progression. Our study aims to measure and compare fatty acid oxidation (FAO) of endogenous and exogenous fatty acids between GBM patients and healthy controls. Using TCGA, we have identified the overexpression of multiple enzymes involved in mediating the transfer and activation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in GBM tumors compared to normal brain tissue. We are currently conducting metabolic flux studies to (1) assess the biokinetics of LCFA degradation and (2) establish exogenous versus endogenous LCFA preferences between patient-derived primary GBM cells and healthy glial and immune cells during steady state and glucose-deprivation.

Exploration of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Cytokines in Early Stage Diagnosis of Acute Mountain Sickness

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Wang ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Jinyan Duan ◽  
Jingwen Chen ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Mountain Sickness
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