scholarly journals Proof of Concept: Pozzolan Bricks for Saline Water Evaporative Cooling in Controlled Environment Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M Lefers ◽  
Philip A Davies ◽  
Nina V Fedoroff ◽  
Nassar Almadhoun ◽  
Mark A Tester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Controlled Environment Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture Systems

Abstract. Control of indoor temperature and humidity is of critical concern for controlled environment agriculture systems in hot, arid regions. Evaporative cooling is a technology utilized for energy-efficient cooling and humidification of these systems. However, the evaporative cooling process consumes considerable amounts of water, as much as 80-90% of the water footprint for indoor food production in these regions. The use of saline water in place of fresh water in evaporative cooling systems offers a potential solution for greatly improving the sustainability of these systems. However, the use of saline water in industry-standard cellulose pad systems can cause premature clogging of the porous medium, leading to system failure and the need for porous media replacement. A new evaporative cooling technology consisting of crushed pozzolan volcanic rock formed into porous bricks was evaluated for use in controlled environment agriculture systems using saline water. Two brick designs were tested for proof of concept cooling of commercial-scale greenhouses. Temperature-based cooling efficiencies of the bricks were achieved that are comparable to cellulose pads. In addition, the pozzolan-based bricks showed impressive resistance to saline water and harsh environments, requiring no replacement over the duration of the experimental trials. The integration of the pozzolan evaporative cooling systems using sea or brackish water with a water-saving growing technology, such as recirculating aquaponics or hydroponics, shows promise for reducing the fresh water footprint of food raised indoors in hot, dry environments by as much as 80%-90%. Keywords: Controlled environment, Evaporative cooling, Pozzolan, Salt, Water conservation.

The use of saline water for irrigating rice in northern Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Soil Conductivity ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Reproductive Phases

A pot trial to assess the effect of salt water on growth and yield of rice in the Northern Territory of Australia was conducted in 1962-63. Two varieties were irrigated with three levels of salinity for varied durations in either the establishment or reproductive phases. Plant emergence was significantly depressed by soil conductivities in excess of 4 m-mhos/cm at 25�C. The restricted use of up to 3000 p.p.m. total soluble salts from 10 days after emergence and of up to 6000 p.p.m. from 20 days after emergence, followed by fresh water, had no effect on flowering time, vegetative or grain yields. The application of 3000 and 6000 p.p.m. total soluble salts in the reproductive phase reduced mean panicle number and grain yield of both varieties and straw yield of one variety. Use of saline water in the establishment phase followed by fresh water and drainage, reduced soil conductivity. In the reproductive phase it nullified the effect of previous fresh water flushing and tended to increase soil conductivity above original levels.

Control of algae

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Direct Benefit

Certain algae have direct benefit as food or fertilizer. Excessive growths of algae in fresh water, however, reduce water quality and make it less suitable for drinking or amenity use. They also present difficulties in freshwater fisheries, in industrial cooling systems, and in drainage and irrigation of agricultural land. In salt water, certain algae cause fouling of ships’ hulls. Although some control is possible by means of chemical algicides there are many problems still to be solved.

Integrated Urban Controlled Environment Agriculture Systems

2016 ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Ting ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Paul C. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Controlled Environment Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture Systems

scholarly journals Evaluation of groundwater potential and saline water intrusion using secondary geophysical parameters: A case study from western Maharashtra, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 00033 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suneetha ◽  
Gautam Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Saline Water Intrusion ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Aquifers along the coastal regions around the world are facing severe level of saline water intrusion problems. Rapid development and the associated increase in groundwater withdrawals intensify the problem. Extensive mapping of migration and extent of salt water plumes is difficult and costly. Several surficial geophysical methods have been developed for measuring salinity levels in coastal aquifers. The present study is an attempt to delineate the saline water and fresh water intrusion in parts of west coast of Maharashtra, India. A total of 86 vertical electrical soundings were carried out using the Schlumberger configuration. The contour maps for Dar-Zarrouk parameters viz. the transverse resistance (T), longitudinal conductance (S), and coefficient of anisotropy (λ) were computed at 84 sites to generate the resistivity regime of saline and fresh water bearing formations. The results exemplify that the Dar-Zarrouk parameters provide a practical elucidation in demarcating the saline and fresh water aquifers, particularly when the resistivity data interpretation encounters constraints due to intermixing of saline water aquifers, fresh water aquifers etc. Several NE-SW and NW-SE oriented major lineaments and its cris-crosses have been observed in this region.

The effect of saline water ingestion on water turnover rates and tritiated water space in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Jones ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
CSW Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Water Space

Tritiated water has been used to compare the water turnover rates and water spaces in sheep which had become accustomed to consuming 1.3 % salt water with those of sheep allowed to drink fresh water. The sheep drinking the saline water (mean body weight 42.0 kg) had mean turnover rates of 207 ml/kg/day compared with 90.3 ml/kg/day for sheep drinking fresh water (mean body weight 38.3 kg). The sheep on salt water revealed a mean tritiated water space of 27.5 kg while that of the sheep on fresh water was 23.5 kg.

New corrosion inhibitors for evaporative cooling systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
A. Wehlmann ◽  
W. Hater ◽  
F. Wolf ◽  
R. Lunkenheimer ◽  
C. Foret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Cooling Systems

scholarly journals Foliar-Applied Potassium Silicate Coupled with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Improves Growth, Physiology, Nutrient Uptake and Productivity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Irrigated with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soil

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 894
Author(s):  
Emad M. Hafez ◽  
Hany S. Osman ◽  
Usama A. Abd El-Razek ◽  
Mohssen Elbagory ◽  
Alaa El-Dein Omara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

The continuity of traditional planting systems in the last few decades has encountered its most significant challenge in the harsh changes in the global climate, leading to frustration in the plant growth and productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions cultivated with moderate or sensitive crops to abiotic stresses. Faba bean, like most legume crops, is considered a moderately sensitive crop to saline soil and/or saline water. In this connection, a field experiment was conducted during the successive winter seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in a salt-affected soil to explore the combined effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and potassium (K) silicate on maintaining the soil quality, performance, and productivity of faba bean plants irrigated with either fresh water or saline water. Our findings indicated that the coupled use of PGPR and K silicate under the saline water irrigation treatment had the capability to reduce the levels of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil and to promote the activity of some soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase), which recorded nearly non-significant differences compared with fresh water (control) treatment, leading to reinstating the soil quality. Consequently, under salinity stress, the combined application motivated the faba bean vegetative growth, e.g., root length and nodulation, which reinstated the K+/Na+ ions homeostasis, leading to the lessening or equalizing of the activity level of enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, POD, and SOD) compared with the controls of both saline water and fresh water treatments, respectively. Although the irrigation with saline water significantly increased the osmolytes concentration (free amino acids and proline) in faba bean plants compared with fresh water treatment, application of PGPR or K-silicate notably reduced the osmolyte levels below the control treatment, either under stress or non-stress conditions. On the contrary, the concentrations of soluble assimilates (total soluble proteins and total soluble sugars) recorded pronounced increases under tested treatments, which enriched the plant growth, the nutrients (N, P, and K) uptake and translocation to the sink organs, which lastly improved the yield attributes (number of pods plant−1, number of seeds pod−1, 100-seed weight). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and K-silicate is considered a profitable strategy that is able to alleviate the harmful impact of salt stress alongside increasing plant growth and productivity.

scholarly journals Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Khawar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Humidity Index

Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.

scholarly journals Resistance of bacteria isolated from leachate to heavy metals and the removal of Hg by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FZ-2 at different salinity levels in a batch biosorption system

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fauzul Imron ◽  
Setyo Budi Kurniawan ◽  
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

AbstractLeachate is produced from sanitary landfills containing various pollutants, including heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the resistance of bacteria isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate to various heavy metals and the effect of salinity levels on the removal of Hg by the isolated bacterium. Four dominant bacteria from approximately 33 × 1017 colony-forming units per mL identified as Vibrio damsela, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate. Heavy metal resistance test was conducted for Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu (0–20 mg L− 1). The removal of the most toxic heavy metals by the most resistant bacteria was also determined at different salinity levels, i.e., fresh water (0‰), marginal water (10‰), brackish water (20‰), and saline water (30‰). Results showed that the growth of these bacteria is promoted by Fe, Mn, and Cu, but inhibited by Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the bacteria in Fe, Mn, and Cu was > 20 mg L− 1. The MIC of V. damsela was 5 mg L− 1 for Hg and >  20 mg L− 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. For P. aeruginosa, MIC was > 20 mg L− 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn and 10 mg L− 1 for Hg. Meanwhile, the MIC of P. stutzeri was > 20 mg L− 1 for Pb, Mg, and Zn and 5 mg L− 1 for Hg and Cd. The MIC of P. fluorescens for Hg, Pb, Mg, and Zn was 5, 5, 15, and 20 mg L− 1, respectively, and that for Cd was > 20 mg L− 1. From the MIC results, Hg is the most toxic heavy metal. In marginal water (10‰), P. aeruginosa FZ-2 removed up to 99.7% Hg compared with that in fresh water (0‰), where it removed only 54% for 72 h. Hence, P. aeruginosa FZ-2 is the most resistant to heavy metals, and saline condition exerts a positive effect on bacteria in removing Hg.

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