A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 2. The effect of level of meat meal or meat and bone meal in wheat-based diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Wheat based diets containing 10, 20, or 30 per cent of meat meal or meat and bone meal were fed at a daily rate of 3.5 per cent of liveweight to Large White pigs in the 40-160 lb liveweight range. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined on pigs fed the meat and bone meal diets. Increasing the inclusion level of both meat meal and meat and bone meal from 10 to 20 per cent significantly increased the lean content of the ham and tended to improve daily gain and feed conversion. Including meat and bone meal at 30 per cent of the diet resulted in a significant depression of growth rate and feed conversion efficiency between 40 and 160 lb liveweight. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets containing meat and bone meal decreased as the level of meal increased. Nitrogen retention appeared to be greatest at the 20 per cent level.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 6. Amino acid and mineral-vitamin-antibiotic supplements for maize-meat meal diets

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Cent Increase

Maize-meat meal and maize-meat and bone meal diets were supplemented with dl-tryptophan, l-lysine or a mineral-vitamin-antibiotic (MVA) premix and fed to pigs during the 1s to 45 kg growth phase. Diets were offered at an estimated 145 kcal of digestible energy and 7g crude protein per kg liveweight per day. The basal maize-meat meal diet produced poor growth and feed conversion and the combined addition of all three supplements increased growth by 46 per cent, feed conversion by 21 per cent, and lean in the ham by 4.7 per cent. This effect resulted from responses to dl-tryptophan, the MVA and an interaction between dl-tryptophan and l-lysine, with l-lysine depressing gain and feed conversion in the absence of dl- tryptophan and increasing gain, feed conversion, and lean in the ham in its presence. The basal maize-meat and bone meal diet also produced poor growth and feed conversion, and the combined addition of all three supplements resulted in an 82 per cent increase in growth, a 35 per cent increase in feed conversion, and a 3.3 per cent increase in lean in the ham. Both dl-tryptophan and MYA separately increased growth and feed conversion and combined they had an even greater effect. The l-lysine increased feed conversion and lean in the ham. The l-lysine also increased growth rates on the dl-tryptophan supplemented diets, but this effect was not significant (P>0.05).

Protein quality studies. 1. A comparison of meat and bone meal and fish meal-skim milk powder as sources of supplementary protein for growing pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (29) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Wilson ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

Pig performance was compared on wheat based diets supplemented by two levels of either meat and bone meal or fish meal plus skim milk powder. The dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention on these diets were determined and the effect of adding zinc to diets containing meat and bone meal was examined. At the higher level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal, but feed conversion and carcase lean were not affected. At the lower level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced leaner carcases and greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal supplement, but had no effect on feed conversion. Between 60-100 lb, feed conversion was affected by level but not by supplement, and the higher level of fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains than all other diets. The higher levels of each supplement produced greater nitrogen retentions and leaner carcases than the lower levels. Dry matter digestibility was least on the higher level meat and bone meal. Zinc supplements had no effect on performance.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 3. The effects of amino acid, copper and vitamin B supplements

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Meat Meal

A series of experiments measured the effect of amino acid, copper, and vitamin B supplementation of 80 : 20 wheat--meat meal or wheat-meat and bone meal diets for Large White pigs during the growth phase between 18 and 45 kg liveweight. Diets were fed under a restricted feeding system. The addition of l-lysine to the diet increased nitrogen retention, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and lean content of the ham in experiment 1, and increased liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency in experiment 2. No response to a lower level of l-lysine was obtained in a third experiment. There was no apparent effect of supplementary dl-methionine, either alone, or in combination with 1-lysine. A 21-fold increase in liver copper levels occurred in pigs supplemented with 250 p.p.m. copper, but no apparent effect on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or lean in the ham was detected. There was no apparent effect of a supplement containing riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and nicotinic acid on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or lean content of the ham.

A comparison of Queensland whale meals and fish meal as a protein supplement for grain-fed pigs

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
ACE Todd
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Meat Meal

Queensland whale meat meal and whale meat and bone meal were compared with South African fish meal as a protein supplement to a sorghum meal diet for pigs. Results were assessed & the growth of Large White pigs over a four month period. Whale meat meal was as efficient in promoting growth at a slightly lower cost than the fish meal. Whale meat and bone meal produced lower gains at a higher cost.

The use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

SUMMARYA total of 156 pigs of the Large White breed were used in a series of four experiments to test the suitability of barley which had been stored with a high moisture content as an ingredient in the diets of growing pigs. Barleys with mean moisture contents of 26·3%, 28·1% and 21·2% and a range from 19·6% to 30·5%, from three successive harvests were used.In all the trials there was evidence that the use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs had an adverse effect on live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the effect being independent of whether feed intakes were equated on the basis of the dry-matter content of the diets. In one of the experiments performance was depressed to the extent of causing changes in carcass characteristics. The performance of pigs given rolled barley was similar to that of others given ground barley.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 7. The value of meat meal as a potein supplement to barley, oats, sorghum and wheat based diets

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
MB Manson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Meat Meal

The comparative value of meat meal as a protein supplement to barley, oats, sorghum, and wheat-based diets was investigated for pigs during the 18-45 kg growth phase. Diets were offered at the rate of 129 kcal digestible energy and 7 g crude protein per kg liveweight per day. Two methods of estimating digestible energy in the diets were also examined. The major differences recorded (Pt0.05) were : Growth rates-Wheat barley and sorghum, oats and barley sorghum. Feed conversion ratios-Wheat barley: oats and sorghum. Protein efficiency ratios-Wheat and oats barley sorghum. Lean in ham-Oats and barley sorghum and wheat. When the magnitude of all differences was considered the results indicated that the protein quality of the sorghum-meat meal diet was lower than that of the other three diets. The correlation between digestible energy values estimated by two methods (energy in feed X dry matter digestibility) and (energy in feed-energy in faeces/feed intake) was significant (r = 0.98)

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: III. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF AN ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Design Experiments

Rumen-fistulated yearling steers were used in two 4 × 4 latin square design experiments to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of all-concentrate rations with various supplements. The inclusion of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate in either a ground- or dry-rolled-grain ration resulted in an increase in urine excretion. Digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen or nitrogen retention were not affected. The addition of 60 milliliters of cod liver oil (1200 I.U. vitamin A, 150 I.U. vitamin D per gram) per day to the bicarbonate supplemented, ground-grain ration tended to decrease organic matter digestibility while the addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Differences between these rations and the bicarbonate ration were not statistically significant; however, the percentage of nitrogen retained on the cod liver oil supplemented ration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than on the propionate supplemented ration.The inclusion of 5.7 per cent ground limestone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestibility of dry matter, and nitrogen, but the digestibility of organic matter was not significantly lower at this probability level.

Protein levels in diets for European pigs in the tropics. 1. The effect of methionine supplementation on the protein requirement of growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Cystine Level

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty-eight Landrace and Large White pigs were allocated on the basis of sex, litter origin and initial weight to one of 16 treatments, made up of four basal 16, 18, 20 and 22% protein diets, each supplemented with either 0·00, 0·10, 0·15 or 0·20% synthetic DL-methionine, at a common digestible energy level of 3740 kcal/kg. Pigs were reared between 8 and 50 kg live weight. Growth rate of pigs and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly improved as the protein levels were increased up to the 20% protein level, optimal performance being on the 20% protein diet, with added 0·15% methionine, giving a total methionine+cystine level of 0·65% and a lysine level of 1·07%. Addition of synthetic methionine to the diets resulted in significant improvement in the rate and efficiency of gain only at the 16 and 18% protein levels.Carcass leanness and fatness increased and decreased respectively over the whole range of protein levels. Graded addition of DL-methionine within each protein level did not influence carcass characteristics.Nitrogen retention showed optimal utilization of dietary nitrogen to be at the 18% protein level, with a total dietary methionine + cystine level of 0·61%, which was at variance with the levels indicated by both growth and feed efficiency.

Locally produced cottonseed meal for growing pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
FS Shenstone
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

The nutritive value of locally produced cottonseed meal, incorporated at a level of 10 per cent in wheat based diets, was compared with meat and bone meal and soybean meal for growing pigs. The effect of adding synthetic lysine to the cottonseed meal diet was also observed. The diets were fed at restricted rates and pig performance was assessed over the 18 to 45 kg, 45 to 73 kg, and 18 to 73 kg growth phases. Cottonseed meal was of similar nutritive value to meat and bone meal and the addition of lysine increased growth and feed conversion during the 18 to 45 kg growth phase. Soybean meal produced similar gains to the cottonseed meal plus lysine diet during the 18 to 45 kg range, but greater gains than the other three diets over the 18 to 73 kg range. Carcase quality was similar for all four diets. With cottonseed meal there was an increase in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of the pigs due to cyclopropene fatty acids in the residual oil in the meal. The metabolizable energy values of the diets were approximately 96.7 per cent of the digestible energy values and there was a significant correlation between them (r = 0.94). The correlation between digestible energy values estimated by the methods (gross energy in the feed X dry matter digestibility) and (gross energy in feed - gross energy in faeces/dry matter intake) was significant (r = 0.92).

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