Direct drilling experiments with wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Reeves ◽  
A Ellington
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Direct Drilling

Results are presented from three experiments, on land being cropped for the third time after a ley period, in which the growth and nitrogen nutrition of direct drilled and conventionally cultivated and sown wheat was investigated. In 1968 and 1969 wheat growth from emergence to heading was superior on the cultivated plots but grain yields did not differ. In 1970 direct drilling increased wheat grain yield by 0.97 tonne ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer application at seeding increased herbage dry matter and nitrogen content, fertile tiller production and grain yields on both direct-drilled and cultivated treatments. Soil mineral nitrogen levels at seeding were lower on cultivated plots than on direct-drilled plots, but incubation nitrogen was not different in any year. Direct drilling did not adversely affect mineralization of soil nitrogen, but it retarded early wheat growth.

Comparative effects of black and green gram (mung beans) and grain sorghum on soil mineral nitrogen and subsequent grain sorghum yields on the Eastern Darling Downs

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Doughton ◽  
J Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Summer Fallow

A field trial was carried out on a black earth (Waco series) at Cambooya on the Eastern Darling Downs to compare the effect of black gram, green gram, grain sorghum and a summer fallow on soil mineral nitrogen (NO3-N + NH4-N) and the yield of grain sorghum grown in the following summer. The initial sorghum treatment severely depleted soil mineral nitrogen to 120 cm; even after a 173-d fallow, there was still 34 kg/ha less nitrogen present than initially in this treatment. Black and green gram also reduced levels of soil mineral nitrogen during crop growth, but these recovered to exceed pre-trial levels by 29 and 42 kg N/ha, respectively, after a winter fallow. The fallow treatment accumulated 100 kg N/ha of mineral nitrogen between January and October, but mineralization was markedly reduced from August to October. Sorghum grown on all plots in the second summer responded markedly to prior treatments, and grain yields and responses to nitrogen applied at 0, 34 and 68 kg N/ha reflected mineral nitrogen levels at planting. Yields of sorghum grain obtained without fertilizer after black gram, green gram and fallow were 8333, 7477 and 9663 kg/ha, respectively, compared with 4658 kg/ha after sorghum. Prior crops of both grams increased sorghum yield as much as a fertilizer application of 68 kg N/ha.

Assessment of the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Response of Wheat to Fertilizer in On-farm Trials in a Mediterranean Type Environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pala ◽  
A. Matar ◽  
A. Mazid
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

SUMMARYA series of researcher-managed wheat fertilizer trials was conducted on representative farmers' fields across northwest Syria between 1986 and 1990. Wheat grain and straw yields were strongly correlated with seasonal (October-May) rainfall, almost irrespective of soil fertility, crop sequence or fertilizer rate, with a highly significant response to nitrogen fertilizer which increased with increasing rainfall and decreasing initial soil mineral-nitrogen values. These results were summarized in regression equations which express yield in terms of fertilizer rates, seasonal rainfall and their interactions. The equations with applied nitrogen and seasonal rainfall were the most appropriate for determining fertilizer needs. Economic analysis indicated that all fertilizer treatment rates were profitable under existing price conditions and that fertilizer use would still be beneficial for a nitrogen price up to three times higher than that of the price of grain (weight for weight) with a seasonal rainfall of 250 mm, and up to six times higher with a seasonal rainfall of 450 mm.

Computer simulation of changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop nitrogen during autumn, winter and spring

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Addiscott ◽  
A. P. Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Crop N Uptake

summaryThe computer model described simulates changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop uptake of nitrogen by computing on a daily basis the amounts of N leached, mineralized, nitrified and taken up by the crop. Denitrification is not included at present. The leaching submodel divides the soil into layers, each of which contains mobile and immobile water. It needs points from the soil moisture characteristic, measured directly or derived from soil survey data; it also needs daily rainfall and evaporation. The mineralization and nitrification submodel assumes pseudo-zero order kinetics and depends on the net mineralization rate in the topsoil and the daily soil temperature and moisture content, the latter being computed in the leaching submodel. The crop N uptake and dry-matter production submodel is a simple function driven by degree days of soil temperature and needs in addition only the sowing date and the date the soil returns to field capacity, the latter again being computed in the leaching submodel. A sensitivity analysis was made, showing the effects of 30% changes in the input variables on the simulated amounts of soil mineral N and crop N present in spring when decisions on N fertilizer rates have to be made. Soil mineral N was influenced most by changes in rainfall, soil water content, mineralization rate and soil temperature, whilst crop N was affected most by changes in soil temperature, rainfall and sowing date. The model has so far been applied only to winter wheat growing through autumn, winter and spring but it should be adaptable to other crops and to a full season.The model was validated by comparing its simulations with measurements of soil mineral N, dry matter and the amounts of N taken up by winter wheat in experiments made at seven sites during 5 years. The simulations were assessed graphically and with the aid of several statistical summaries of the goodness of fit. The agreement was generally very good; over all years 72% of all simulations of soil mineral N to 90 cm depth were within 20 kg N/ha of the soil measurements; also 78% of the simulations of crop nitrogen uptake were within 15 kg N/ha and 63% of the simulated yields of dry matter were within 25 g/m2 of the amounts measured. All correlation coefficients were large, positive, and highly significant, and on average no statistically significant differences were found between simulation and measurement either for soil mineral N or for crop N uptake.

Effects of lupin-wheat rotations on soil fertility, crop disease and crop yields

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Reeves ◽  
A Ellington ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Crop Diseases

Three experiments, begun in successive years, were conducted between 1974 and 1979 in north-eastern Victoria to investigate the effects of rotating wheat (cv. Olympic) and 'sweet' lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniharvest) on crop yields, soil fertility and crop diseases. The grain yield of continuous wheat was 2.58 t/ha and of continuous lupins 0.66 t/ha (P<0.05). Wheat, grown after a lupin crop, yielded 750 kg/ha more than wheat after wheat, and a second wheat crop, after lupins, yielded 420 kg/ha more than a third successive wheat crop. Lupins, grown after wheat, yielded 50-165% more than lupins after lupins. Grain nitrogen of wheat was significantly increased after lupins (P<0.01). Differences in soil mineral nitrogen were apparent ten weeks after sowing, with mean nitrogen levels of 37 and 55 kg/ha under wheat and lupins, respectively. Soil mineral nitrogen (0-20 cm) was consistently greater after lupins than after wheat (P<0.01) when measured just before seeding the succeeding crop. Overall, mean accretion of mineral nitrogen under lupins was 4 1 kg/ha.year. Residual nitrogen from lupins, after one succeeding wheat crop had been grown, was also evident (mean 23 kg/ha). Crop rotation influenced the incidence of crop diseases in wheat and lupins. Lupins after lupins suffered severely from brown leaf spot (Pleiochaeta setosa), up to 63% of plants being infected compared with only 18% after wheat. Disease incidence (mainly Gaeumannomyces graminis) in wheat increased from less than 1% in the first year of cropping, to 36% infection in year 3. When wheat was grown after lupins, disease incidence was negligible.

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION RATES TO GRASS ON FORAGE YIELDS, BODY WEIGHT GAINS, FEED UTILIZATION, AND VITAMIN A STATUS OF STEERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. T. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Liver Vitamin

The dry matter yield of grass forage was increased linearly with nitrogen fertilizer levels of zero, 56, and 112 kg per hectare applied annually in the spring of 1961, 1962, and 1963. Nitrogen levels had little effect on the nutritive value of mature grass forage as indicated by voluntary dry matter intake and body weight gains of beef steers. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased and that of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract decreased linearly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates. Digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract were not altered significantly by nitrogen levels. Forage-carotenes sustained relatively high liver vitamin A levels over a 100-day feeding period. Nitrogen levels had little effect on the rate of liver vitamin A depletion.

Timing and intensity of surface cultivation and depth of cultivation affect Rhizoctonia patch and wheat yield

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jarvis ◽  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Direct Drilling

The incidence of rhizoctonia patch was reduced by both intensity and depth of cultivation on a fine white sand near Gibson, W.A. When seed was direct drilled with a triple disc drill, 13.3% of the plot area was covered with patches compared with 16.1% following a tined combine seeder. Direct drilling with a modified tined combine seeder which cultivated 10-cm deep while seeding at 3-cm depth had 6.2% patch and was as effective, in reducing patch area, as the best pre-seeding cultivation treatment of 2 scarifying (6.6%). Deep ripping to a depth of 27 cm with an Agrowplow before scarifying and seeding reduced the incidence of patch to only 2.1%. The area of patch and wheat grain yield were inversely correlated (P< 0.001) and accounted for 32% of the variation. Effects (other than rhizoctonia) on grain yield due to the cultivation treatments are suggested. Cultivation directly below the seed placement with the modified combine increased wheat plant growth and grain yield. Deep ripping further increased above-ground dry matter, and grain yield was 58% greater than the yield from direct drilling with the triple disc drill.

Petiole sap NO3-N testing as a method for monitoring nitrogen nutrition of potato crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Waterer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Potato Crops ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Petiole Sap ◽  
N Status

Petiole sap NO3-N concentrations were tested as a means for monitoring crop nitrogen (N) status and N fertilizer responses in potatoes. An ion specific electrode was used to monitor sap NO3-N concentrations of three varieties of potatoes grown with differing amounts of N fertilizer in 1993–1995. Plots provided with varying amounts of fertilizer N applied prior to planting or as a split application were sampled on six occasions through the growing season. Sap NO3-N levels were positively correlated with petiole dry matter NO3-N levels. Petiole sap NO3-N levels reflected rates and timing of N fertilizer application. Sap NO3-N levels in the three cultivars showed similar changes with time after planting and increasing N fertilizer rates. However, sap NO3-N levels measured under a particular set of conditions were unique for each cultivar. The correlation between yields and sap NO3-N levels varied with the sampling date and cultivar. Recommendations were developed for critical sap NO3-N concentrations at various stages in the development of the three cultivars. Key words: Ion specific electrode, nitrate, petiole, nitrogen, tissue testing, Solanum tuberosum

Role of soil mineral nitrogen for agricultural crops: Nitrogen nutrition diagnostics in Lithuania

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gediminas Staugaitis ◽  
Zigmas Vaisvila ◽  
Jonas Mazvila ◽  
Jonas Arbaciauskas ◽  
Tomas Adomaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen

The influence of water on wheat yield, plant nitrogen uptake and soil mineral nitrogen concentration

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Stage Of Development

Water, in addition to the natural rainfall, was applied at five different stages of crop development to Heron wheat growing on a highly fertile soil. Dry matter yield, grain yield, the grain yield parameters (ear number, grain number per ear, weight per grain), and nitrogen content were measured. Changes in soil mineral nitrogen content as a consequence of water application and subsequent plant uptake were also studied. A single application of water at jointing, and treatments involving watering at all pre-anthesis stages during a period of moisture stress, increased straw and grain yields and floret development, as reflected in grain number per ear. Water applied after anthesis controlled to some degree the loss of dry matter and plant nitrogen exhibited by a maturing wheat crop. The number of tillers produced, the number surviving, or the number of ears were not increased by adding water at any stage of development. The increased grain yield that followed late additions of water was due to increases in the weight per grain. The addition of water during the jointing to milk stage increased the uptake of mineral nitrogen by the crop, to a depth of 30 inches. No increase in the mineralization of organic nitrogen was detected by soil analysis, but an approximate balance sheet indicated that mineralization, which was occurring during the growing season, was further stimulated by watering.

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