Diagnosis of retarded growth in an apple orchard

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sitepu ◽  
HR Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Retarded Growth

Soil round trees in an Adelaide apple orchard was sampled to assess the concentrations of Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., stylet-bearing nematodes, soil texture (per cent clay), soil moisture and pH. Correlations between these factors and the size of apple trees (trunk circumference) suggested that parasitic nematodes, Pythium spp. and pH might together be important factors inhibiting tree growth. On the basis of these results, a statement is made on the possible causes of retarded growth in the orchard, and how the problem might be overcome. The main purpose of the work was to devise a simple approach that would enable diagnoses to be made of the causes of retarded growth or poor yield in a crop where several factors seemed to be involved. Such an approach might be useful to extension workers who have to deal with many plant disease problems at the same time.

scholarly journals The Soil Water Condition of a Typical Agroforestry System under the Policy of Northwest China

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Jingyuan Su
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
The Government

The number of mixed cropland—apple orchard system has gradually increased in the Changwu Tableland region of the Loess Plateau, China. However, the soil water content (SWC) is not sufficient to maintain the sustainable development of apple trees in this agroforestry system. It is unclear whether the growing fruit trees would compete with crops for soil water. To systematically analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture and to understand the effect of orchard hydrology in that cropland, the SWC was measured at different depths at different locations on cropland and in an apple orchard. The results show that: (1) The SWC of each soil layer in the cropland (0–20, 20–60, 60–100, 100–200, 200–300 cm) is higher than that of the orchard. The soil moisture changes dramatically in the 0–200 cm soil layer. (2) As the soil moisture monitoring distance from the apple orchard increases, the SWC gradually increases, the loss of soil water storage gradually decreases, and the drying effect gradually disappears. This is related to the different distribution ranges of the roots of apple trees and crops. Therefore, the government should control the proportion of the orchard and cropland, and then adjust the planting period of the orchard in the appropriate range to keep the green use of water in the region.

scholarly journals SOIL MOISTURE AVAILABILITY IN AN ORCHARD AND THE NEED FOR ITSREGULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
S.V. Makarychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Storage

The growth and fruiting of fruit crops is interconnected with the biotic and abiotic conditions of the natural envi-ronment as water, heat and nutritional regimes in the soil which continuously change in space and time. The main limiting factor in the forest-steppe zone of the Altai Region is the moisture content in the soil profile since plants often suffer from moisture deficit. The available soil moisture (ASM) storage in the apple orchard in April 2012 was satis-factory. In Mayand in the summer, they dropped to zero, so the plants suffered from water hunger during the grow-ing season. Under pears, at the beginning of the growing season, the ASM turned out to be higher than under the apple trees, but from June to August they alsodecreased. As a result, the irrigation rates were the same as for the apple trees. The summer of 2013 was rainy and that af-fected the water resources in the chernozem layer. At the same time, the ASM deficit did not exceed 85 mm in June and July, and in the remaining periods did not rise above 50 mm. In the pear orchard, the moisture storage did not fall below 30 mm. In one-meter chernozem layer in April 2012, the available soil moisture storage under the apple trees corresponded to a very good level. In June and July, the moisture content dropped below the wilting moisture. In spring, the ASM under the pear plantations were consid-ered satisfactory. On the following months, a severe mois-ture deficit arose until autumn. In 2013, the ASM in the apple orchard did not exceed 50 mm in summer. Under the pears, in May they even reached 118 mm, but then dropped to 30 mm and that also required irrigation. Since the season of 2014 was an arid one, the water situation in one-meter layer of chernozem turned out to be disastrous.

Soil water use from an apple orchard under various soil management systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
JDF Black ◽  
PD Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Mature Apple

Commencing at field capacity, changes in soil moisture levels over fourteen-day drying periods were compared for mature apple trees under various soil management systems during spring and summer. In spring, the rate of loss under trees in a mown pasture was greater than under trees in cultivation or herbicide. In summer, the rate of loss under trees in uncontrolled summer weed growth after spring cultivation (trashy cultivation) was greater than under trees in mown pasture, clean cultivation or herbicide treatment, but the mown pasture did not differ from the bare land treatments. It is proposed that the influence of the tree on the microclimate at the soil surface is responsible for these effects. Differences in yield under the treatments were not statistically significant and there were no consistent differences in fruit growth rates over the whole season.

scholarly journals 222 The Use of Polyacrylamide Polymer to Improve the Growth of Young Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 480C-480
Author(s):  
D.E. Smith ◽  
R.M. Crassweller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Soil Water Properties

Water-sorbing polymers have been used in greenhouses and in arid and semiarid regions to improve soil water properties. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to investigate the effects of a cross-linked polyacrylamide polymer when incorporated into a silt loam. The soil treatments consisted of 0%, 0.06%, 0.12%, and 0.25% polymer by weight. The laboratory study consisted of four soil columns each containing a treatment. Water was added at a rate of 6.1 mm to the columns every 2 days. Soil moisture and volume was measured daily. The field experiment contained apple trees planted into soil amended with the different rates of polymer and covered with a polypropylene weed barrier. Tree growth and fruit yield were recorded from 1996-1998. The volume and bulk density of the soil-polymer matrix were dependent on the moisture content due to the swelling properties of the polymer. Bulk density was highest when no polymer was added and lowest for soil containing 0.25% polymer. Soil moisture measured by time delay reflectometry showed multiple wetting fronts in the soil columns after water was added. During the 1996 growing season, soil moisture was higher for field plots containing the weed barrier and amended with polymer; however, this trend was reversed in 1997. Tree growth was not effected in any of the years data was taken. Fruit yields did not differ between treatments in 1997. Fruit set and yield in 1998 was greater for trees planted without the weed barrier and polymer. The addition of polymer was not found to benefit apple tree growth or yields.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Growing Systems of Apple on Trunk and Branch Diseases and Pests

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria BOROVINOVA ◽  
Vilina PETROVA ◽  
Svetla MANEVA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Important Disease

The presented study aimed to determine apples trunk and branch diseases and pests in three growing systems conventional, integrated and biological (organic). The investigations were made on an experimental apple orchard (1 ha) of the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Southwest Bulgaria in four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010. Three scab resistant cultivars Prima, Florina and Erwin Baur grafted on rootstocks MM106 were planted in 1996. The orchard was divided into four plots. One plot was treated conventionally with a normal pesticide programme, two plots were treated integrated according to the general principles, rules and standards of integrated apple production and one plot for biological (organic). The monitoring of pests and diseases and assessment of their density were done every two weeks. It was established that during the experimental period important disease and pests on apple trees in different growing systems were black rot Botryosphaeria obtusa, apple clearwig moth Synanthedon myopaeformis and shorthole borer Scolytus rugulosus. The damages by trunk and branch diseases and pests on apple were considerable higher in biological growing system. The mean rate of attack of cultivar Erwin Baur by Botryosphaeria obtusa in biological and conventional growing systems was 52.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The percentage of damaged by Scolytus rugulosus trunk and branch area per tree reach to 58.74 in biological and 0.23 in conventional system. Reduced vitality of apple trees growing with out pesticides and mineral fertilizers in biological growing system was the reason for strong infection of Botryosphaeria obtusa and attack of Synanthedon myopaeformis and Scolytus rugulosus.

Effect of black clay soil moisture on the electrochemical behavior of API X70 pipeline steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 036523
Author(s):  
R Hendi ◽  
H Saifi ◽  
K Belmokre ◽  
M Ouadah ◽  
B Smili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Electrochemical Behavior ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
X70 Pipeline Steel ◽  
Black Clay

scholarly journals Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. III. Sensitivity to salt of inundated fruit crops.

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
W.G. Beeftink
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth Condition ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Resistance

Characteristic symptoms of salt water flood damage are described for apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberry, walnuts, grapes and mulberries. In general the crops showed symptoms of drying out, indicating their inability to absorb enough water. A table of the approximate sensitivity of the fruit crops, and also of apple and pear varieties was compiled; there was a wider range of sensitivity in apples than in pears. The sensitivity of the chief Malling rootstocks did not appear to run parallel to their vigour. The salt content of the soil moisture was the limiting factor for apple and pear recovery; 7-8 g. per litre for apples, and 11-12 g. for pears were the limits beyond which trees could not be saved. Flooding had no influence on the growth condition of apples and pears until after it had lasted 8 or 9 weeks. Tree age had no clear effect on sensitivity, though apple trees of 25 years and over had less resistance. Deep cultivation before flooding, soil exhaustion, and general neglect had detrimental effects on tree resistance. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Nematode Populations and Peach Tree Survival, Growth, and Nutrition at an Old Orchard Site

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R. Evert ◽  
Paul F. Bertrand ◽  
`Benjamin G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Survival Tree

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge cv. Paraguayan-22) growing under newly planted peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees severely stunted the trees. Neither supplemental fertilizer nor irrigating with two 3.8-liters·hour-1 emitters per tree eliminated tree stunting emitters were controlled by an automatic tensiometer set to maintain 3 kpa at a depth of 0.5 m under a tree in bahiagrass. Preplant fumigation with ethylene dibromide at 100 liters·ha-1 increased tree growth, but not tree survival. Fenamiphos, a nematicide, applied under the trees each spring and fall at a rate of 11 kg-ha -1 had no positive effect on tree survival, tree growth, or nematode populations. Bahiagrass tended to suppress populations of Meloidogyne spp. under the trees., Meloidogyne spp. were the only nematodes present that had mean populations > 65 per 150 cm3 of soil. Leaf concentrations of several elements differed between trees growing in bahiagrass sod and in. bare ground treated with herbicides. Leaf Ca was low for all treatments in spite of a soil pH near 6.5 and adequate soil Ca. The severe stunting of trees grown in bahiagrass, irrespective of the other treatments, demonstrated that bahiagrass should not be grown under newly planted trees. The low populations of parasitic nematodes in bahiagrass showed that bahiagrass has potential as a preplant biological control of nematodes harmful to peach trees. Chemical name used: ethyl 3-methy1-4-(methylthio) phenyl (1-methylethyl) phosphoramidate (fenamiphos).

EFFECTS OF A ROTATION OF SIMAZINE, TERBACIL, AND DICHLOBENIL IN A MATURE APPLE ORCHARD

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. HEENEY ◽  
V. WARREN ◽  
S. U. KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Mature Apple

Annual yields of mature Kinkead Red Spy apple trees were higher when growth under trees was controlled by a rotation of three herbicides, namely, simazine (2-chloro-4, 6 bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) compared to yields of trees in which sod was regularly mowed to control growth of weeds. While weed control with herbicide rotations was not as effective as with continuous usage of a single herbicide, it was commercially acceptable, and the problem of common vetch (Vicia cracca L.) as on escape weed, particularly with continuous simazine was largely avoided. Over the 6-yr period there was little effect on nutrient levels of the foliage. Use of a rotation of herbicides prevented the accumulation of residues in the soil and levels of all herbicides noted in year 1 of the rotation were reduced to negligible amounts 2 yr after a particular herbicide had been applied.

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