Water use of sunflower crops

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (97) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Use Efficiencies

The potential, or energy-limited evapotranspiration, and the actual, or soil water-limited evapotranspiration functions of sunflower were estimated by lysimetry and field soil water measurements. The functions show that peak water demand by the crop is in the immediate post-anthesis period and that sunflower is capable of restricting its water use when some 70% of the maximum available water remains in the root zone. With the aid of these functions, weekly estimates were made of the water use of thirteen commercial sunflower crops in northern New South Wales. Estimated water use ranged from 150 to 320 mrn and water use efficiencies from 1.9 to 10.5 kg seed mm-1 water used. Highest yields and water use efficiencies were associated with a combination of high total water supply (soil water at sowing plus rainfall during growth of 380 mm or more) high water use (220 mm or more) and low evaporative demand (below 780 mm of pan evaporation). Based on the water use characteristics of the crop the optimal sowing time in most areas is mid summer. However, spring sowings may be preferable for winter rainfall areas where soil water storage capacity is high and there is only a small component of summer rain. Crops sown in spring, even with high stored soil water (up to 200 mm) failed to yield as well as those sown in summer with much lower soil water storage.

A decreasing trend in global soil water storage from 1981 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
XinRui Luo ◽  
Shaoda Li ◽  
Wunian Yang ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Xiaolu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Drought

<p>Soil water storage serves as a vital resource of the terrestrial ecosystems, and it can significantly influence water cycle and carbon cycling with the frequent occurrence of soil drought induced by land-atmosphere feedbacks. However, there are high variations and uncertainties of root zone soil water storage. This study applied comparison map profile (CMP), Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen estimate and partial correlation analysis to (1) estimate the global root zone (0~1 m) soil water storage, (2) and investigate the spatial and temporal patterns from 1981 to 2017 at the global scale, (3) and their relationships with environmental drivers (precipitation, temperature, potential evaportranspiration) using three soil moisture (SM) products – ERA-5, GLDAS and MERRA-2. Globally, the average annual soil water storage from 1981 to 2017 varied significantly, ranging from 138.3 (100 Pg a<sup>-1</sup>, 1 Pg = 10<sup>15</sup> g) in GLDAS to 342.6 (100 Pg a<sup>-1</sup>) in ERA-5. Soil water storage of the three SM products consistently showed a decreasing trend. However, the temporal trend of soil water storage among different climate zones was different, showing a decreasing trend in tropical, temperate and cold zones, but an increasing trend in polar regions. On the other hand, temporal trends in arid regions differed from ERA-5, GLDAS and MERRA-2. Spatially, the SM products differed greatly, particularly for boreal areas with D value higher for 2500 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup> and CC value lower for -0.2 between GLDAS and MERRA-2. Over 1981 to 2017, water storage of more than 50% of the global land area suffered from a decreasing trend, especially in Africa and Northeastern of China. Precipitation was the main dominated driver for variation of soil water storage, and distribution varied in different SM products. In conclusion, a global decreasing trend in soil water storage indicate a water loss from soils, and how the water loss affecting carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems under ongoing climate change needs further investigation.</p>

A Hydrological Study of a Subtropical Semiarid Forest of Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. Ex Benth. (Brigalow)

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Tunstall ◽  
DJ Connor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Stem Flow

Water input, soil water storage and plant water status were measured at monthly intervals over 2� years In a mature brigalow (Acacla harpophylla) forest. Redistribution of rainfall by the canopy was slight and stem flow averaged only 1.8%, but the direct loss of intercepted water accounted for 15% of the Annual ramfall In the wettest condltlon the soil stored 890 mm of water to a depth of 3 m The minimum sod water store measured under severe drought conditions was 840 mm when the dawn values of plant water potential were -6.8 MPa The soil water potentials below 1 m were consistently around -3.5 MPa due largely to high salt concentrations The tendency in a drying soil was towards a uniform profile of soil water potentlal, and soil water at depths below 1 m was extracted only when dawn plant water potentials were less than - 3.5 MPa Over monthly Intervals the maximum and minimum rates of evapotransplratlon were 3.3 and 0 .46 mm/d respectively, and the pattern of community water use was related to rainfall and not to potentlal evaporation. To survive in such an environment the plants develop and withstand extremely low water potentials associated wlth the low availability of water and the high evaporative demand.

scholarly journals Subsoiling and Sowing Time Influence Soil Water Content, Nitrogen Translocation and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liang ◽  
Shahbaz Khan ◽  
Ai-xia Ren ◽  
Wen Lin ◽  
Sumera Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
N Accumulation

Dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau is facing a yield reduction due to a shortage of soil moisture and delayed sowing time. The field experiment was conducted at Loess Plateau in Shanxi, China from 2012 to 2015, to study the effect of subsoiling and conventional tillage and different sowing dates on the soil water storage, Nitrogen (N) accumulation, and remobilization and yield of winter wheat. The results showed that subsoiling significantly improved the soil water storage (0–300 cm soil depth) and increased the contribution of N translocation to grain N and grain yield (17–36%). Delaying sowing time had reduced the soil water storage at sowing and winter accumulated growing degree days by about 180 °C. The contribution of N translocation to grain yield was maximum in glume + spike followed by in leaves and minimum by stem + sheath. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the N accumulation and translocation and the soil moisture in the 20–300 cm range. Subsoiling during the fallow period and the medium sowing date was beneficial for improving the soil water storage and increased the N translocation to grain, thereby increasing the yield of wheat, especially in a dry year.

scholarly journals Diagnosis toward predicting mean annual runoff in ungauged basins

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-956
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Lili Yao ◽  
Ni-Bin Chang ◽  
Dingbao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Ungauged Basins ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Storage Capacity

Abstract. Prediction of mean annual runoff is of great interest but still poses a challenge in ungauged basins. The present work diagnoses the prediction in mean annual runoff affected by the uncertainty in estimated distribution of soil water storage capacity. Based on a distribution function, a water balance model for estimating mean annual runoff is developed, in which the effects of climate variability and the distribution of soil water storage capacity are explicitly represented. As such, the two parameters in the model have explicit physical meanings, and relationships between the parameters and controlling factors on mean annual runoff are established. The estimated parameters from the existing data of watershed characteristics are applied to 35 watersheds. The results showed that the model could capture 88.2 % of the actual mean annual runoff on average across the study watersheds, indicating that the proposed new water balance model is promising for estimating mean annual runoff in ungauged watersheds. The underestimation of mean annual runoff is mainly caused by the underestimation of the area percentage of low soil water storage capacity due to neglecting the effect of land surface and bedrock topography. Higher spatial variability of soil water storage capacity estimated through the height above the nearest drainage (HAND) and topographic wetness index (TWI) indicated that topography plays a crucial role in determining the actual soil water storage capacity. The performance of mean annual runoff prediction in ungauged basins can be improved by employing better estimation of soil water storage capacity including the effects of soil, topography, and bedrock. It leads to better diagnosis of the data requirement for predicting mean annual runoff in ungauged basins based on a newly developed process-based model finally.

scholarly journals Effects of Wheat and Rapeseed Production on Soil Water Storage in Mongolian Rangeland

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Katori Miyasaka ◽  
Takafumi Miyasaka ◽  
Jumpei Ota ◽  
Siilegmaa Batsukh ◽  
Undarmaa Jamsran
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Rapeseed Production ◽  
Wilting Point

In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed an increase in not only wheat fields, which have been present for a long time, but also rapeseed fields. This has led to increasing concerns about soil degradation due to inappropriate cultivation. This study aims to determine the impacts of rapeseed production on soil water storage in Mongolia. The soil water content and matric potential were measured in wheat and rapeseed fields and adjacent steppe rangeland for five years, including crop production and fallow years, and the soil water storages in the fields were compared. The results demonstrated that the matric potential below the root zone in the rapeseed field and both rangelands was drier than the wilting point, whereas the potential in the wheat field was usually almost the same or wetter than this point. The comparison of the amount of soil water storage during the fallow year with that of the adjacent rangeland showed it to be 5–10% higher for the wheat field and almost equal for the rapeseed field. Field management must consider the fact that rapeseed fields use more water than is required by wheat fields and that less water is stored during fallow periods.

scholarly journals A stochastic approach for the description of the water balance dynamics in a river basin

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manfreda ◽  
M. Fiorentino
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Balance Dynamics

Abstract. The present paper introduces an analytical approach for the description of the soil water balance dynamics over a schematic river basin. The model is based on a stochastic differential equation where the rainfall forcing is interpreted as an additive noise in the soil water balance. This equation can be solved assuming known the spatial distribution of the soil moisture over the basin transforming the two-dimensional problem in space in a one dimensional one. This assumption is particularly true in the case of humid and semihumid environments, where spatial redistribution becomes dominant producing a well defined soil moisture pattern. The model allowed to derive the probability density function of the saturated portion of a basin and of its relative saturation. This theory is based on the assumption that the soil water storage capacity varies across the basin following a parabolic distribution and the basin has homogeneous soil texture and vegetation cover. The methodology outlined the role played by the soil water storage capacity distribution of the basin on soil water balance. In particular, the resulting probability density functions of the relative basin saturation were found to be strongly controlled by the maximum water storage capacity of the basin, while the probability density functions of the relative saturated portion of the basin are strongly influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of the soil water storage capacity. Moreover, the saturated areas reach their maximum variability when the mean rainfall rate is almost equal to the soil water loss coefficient given by the sum of the maximum rate of evapotranspiration and leakage loss in the soil water balance. The model was tested using the results of a continuous numerical simulation performed with a semi-distributed model in order to validate the proposed theoretical distributions.

ESTIMATING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM IRRIGATED CROPS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. TAN ◽  
J. M. FULTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wide Range

Several years of daily evapotranspiration (ET) data for irrigated early potatoes, corn and processing tomatoes, grown on Fox sandy loam measured by floating lysimeters and estimated by meteorological data were used to evaluate an equilibrium evapotranspiration (ETeq) model. A reasonable relationship was obtained between values estimated by the model and those measured by floating lysimeters. The ETeq model can be used to estimate daily ET over a wide range of soil moisture and foliage cover conditions. ETeq can be estimated from readily available climatic data in the form: ETeq = (0.48 + 0.01 Ta) [(0.114 + 0.365n/N) K↓a − 0.039]; where Ta is the mean daily air temperature (°C); n is sunshine duration (h); N is maximum hours of bright sunshine (h); K↓a is solar energy received at the top of the atmosphere (mm/day). At high soil water storage in the root zone, the ET/ETeq remained constant, whereas, at low soil water storage, the ET/ETeq decreased linearly with decreasing soil water storage. The total crop yields were directly related to growing season accumulated ET.

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