Growth and yield of indeterminate soybeans. 2. Effect of removal of the mainstem apex

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
LW Banks ◽  
AL Bernardi
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Delayed Flowering

The mainstem apex was removed from indeterminate soybeans (Glycine max, varieties Chaffey and Farrer) in the field over 3 years to estimate their ability to recover from damage to terminal buds by foliage feeding and stem boring pests. In years 1 and 2, the growing tip was plucked off the main stem of 50 or 100% of plants (variety Chaffey) early in vegetative growth (V2), at the beginning of flowering (Fl), at full flowering (F100) or at the end of flowering (EF100) as single treatments. In year 3, tips were removed from 20, 33 or 50% ofplants (variety Farrer) at V3, F1 or F100 as single treatments or as repeated treatments starting at those times and repeated twice at weekly intervals thereafter. Tip removal at V2 or V3 delayed flowering (F50) and pod set (R3) by up to 10 days but did not delay maturity (P95), whereas tip removal at EF100 hastened P95 by 5-8 days. Damage during flowering did not affect phenological development. Indeterminate soybeans have the ability to compensate vegetatively for damage to the mainstem apex. Tip removal at V2, F1 or F100 significantly reduced the number of nodes on the main stem, increased branching and did not reduce the total number of nodes per plant at maturity. Tip removal at V2 increased the number of nodes per plant by increasing the number of nodes per branch. Repeated tip removal prior to flowering and single or repeated treatments during flowering reduced final plant height. Tip removal from all plants reduced yield by around 10% irrespective of the time of damage. Fifty per cent damage prior to flowering or after full flowering did not affect yield but, at the beginning of flowering, removal of tips from as few as 20% of plants reduced yield by at least 10%. The most severe yield reduction was 24% following repeated tip removal from 50% of plants starting at V3. Repeated damage to 50% of plants starting at F1 reduced yield by 18%. Seed size was not affected by any treatment. We conclude that pests in indeterminate soybean crops should be controlled if they have removed the growing tip from the main stem of 50% of plants before flowering or 20% of plants at the start of flowering and are continuing to cause damage.

Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Interference in Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Fellows ◽  
Fred W. Roeth
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Forage Sorghum

Shattercane interference in irrigated soybean was evaluated during 1987, 1988, and 1989 at Clay Center, NE, using ‘Rox’ forage sorghum to simulate shattercane. Soybean yield reduction did not occur if shattercane was removed by 2 wk after emergence in 1987 and 6 wk after emergence in 1988 and 1989. Shattercane interference with soybean began when shattercane height exceeded soybean height. Soybean yield was reduced up to 25% before the height differential reached 30 cm, the minimum difference required for selectively applying glyphosate with a wiper applicator. Soybean nodes per stem, pods per stem, and beans per pod decreased as duration of interference increased. A direct relationship between soybean yield loss and shattercane density fit a rectangular hyperbolic function. Yield loss per shattercane plant was highest at low shattercane densities. Soybean plant height, biomass, nodes per stem, pods per stem, pods per node, and beans per pod decreased as shattercane density increased. An interference model for estimation of soybean yield and economic loss based on shattercane density was developed.

Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Canopy ◽  
Highly Correlated

A 2-yr field study was conducted at Fayetteville, AR, to determine the effect of Palmer amaranth interference on soybean growth and yield. Palmer amaranth density had little effect on soybean height, but soybean canopy width ranged from 77 cm in the weed-free check to 35 cm in plots with 10 plants m–1of row 12 wk after emergence. Soybean yield reduction was highly correlated to Palmer amaranth biomass at 8 wk after emergence and maturity, soybean biomass at 8 wk after emergence, and Palmer amaranth density. Soybean yield reduction was 17, 27, 32, 48, 64, and 68%, respectively, for Palmer amaranth densities of 033, 0.66, 1, 2, 333, and 10 plants m–1of row. Soybean yield reduction and Palmer amaranth biomass were linear to approximately 2 Palmer amaranth m–1of row, suggesting intraspecific interference between adjacent Palmer amaranth is initiated at Palmer amaranth densities between 2 and 3.33 plants m–1of row.

Field Competition between Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomea hederacea) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Cordes ◽  
Thomas T. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Competition Effects

Detrimental effects on growth and yield of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 77′] from density and duration of competition by ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomea hederacea(L.) Jacq. ♯3IPOHE] was evaluated in 1981 and 1982 near West Lafayette, IN. Ivyleaf morningglory was planted at densities of 1 plant per 90, 60, 30, and 15 cm of row in 1981 and 1 plant per 60, 30, 15, and 7.5 cm of row in 1982. Each density of ivyleaf morningglory competed for 22 to 46 days after emergence and the full season in 1981, and for 29 to 60 days after emergence and the full season in 1982. The best indicators of competition effects were leaf area index, plant dry weight, and yield of soybeans. Ivyleaf morningglory was more competitive during the reproductive stage of soybean growth. Photosynthetic irradiance and soil moisture measurements indicated that ivyleaf morningglory does not effectively compete for light or soil moisture. All densities of ivyleaf morningglory could compete with soybeans for 46 and 60 days after emergence in 1981 and 1982, respectively, without reducing soybean yield. Full-season competition from densities of 1 ivyleaf morningglory plant per 15 cm of row significantly reduced soybean yield by 36% in 1981 and 13% in 1982. The magnitude of soybean growth and yield reduction caused by a given density of ivyleaf morningglory was greater when warm, early season temperatures favored rapid weed development.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF BIO-AND MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SNAP BEAN GROWN IN SUBSTRATE CULTURE.

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. A. Emam, Z. El-S Lacheene, M. A. Medany, U. A. El-Beha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

This study was conducted under unheated plastic house condition at Arid Land services and Research Center (ALARC), Faculty of agriculture - Ain Shams University, Egypt, during two successive autumn seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 ability of use to investigate the Rhizobium inoculation as bio-fertilizer to reduce the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in the substrate culture and its effect on the growth and yield of Snap bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Goya Four different mineral nitrogen rates (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of 200 ppm) with Rhizobium inoculation compared to 100% mineral N without inoculation also two different types of substrate systems (containers and pots) were in this investigation. The experimental design was split plot with three replicates. Vegetative growth, plant height, chlorophyll reading (spad), total leaves area, early and total yield, chemical analysis of pods, total soluble solids (T.S.S.%), total protein, total nitrogen content, number of nodules and nitrogenase activity were measured.    Data showed that container system had a significant effect on vegetative growth parameters (plant height, chlorophyll reading (spad), and total leave area), and fruit weight (early and total fruit weight). Chemical properties of pods, number of nodules and nitrogenase activity compared to pots system. Control treatment (100% N without inoculation) and (100% N with inoculation) recorded the highest vegetative growth, early and total yield, T.S.S.(%), pod protein and total nitrogen content followed by 50 % N with Rhizobium inoculations. Moreover, data showed that 50% N gave the highest number of nodules and nitrogenase activity. Data showed that there were no significant among controls, 100%, 75% and 50% N combined with container and 100% N combined with pots followed by control combined with pots. Increase nitrogen rates led to increase the values of plant height, chlorophyll reading (spad), early yield and total yield.

scholarly journals Pengaruh biostimulan terhadap toleransi kekeringan dan pertumbuhan tanaman tebu varietas Kidang Kencana di rumah kaca (Effect of biostimulants on drought tolerance and growth of sugarcane var. Kidang Kencana at green house)

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Mutiara AMANAH ◽  
Soekarno Mismana PUTRA
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Segment Number ◽  
Increasing Demand

Increasing productivity and sugar yield of sugarcane are required to meet the increasing demand for sugar. Biostimulants application is one of the effort to increase the productivity and rendement of sugar, especially at drought stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biostimulants on the performance of sugarcane var. Kidang Kencana known susceptible to drought stress. The research was conducted in the greenhouse with several biostimulant treatments i.e. P0: Control, P1: Citorin-R, P2: Citorin-R and Citorin-S (1x spray) P3: Citorin-R and Citorin -S (2x spray), P4: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (1x spray) and Humic Acid, P5: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (1x spray), Humic Acid and Mycorrhiza, P6: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (2x spray), Humic Acid and Mycorrhiza. All treatments were subjected with drought stress started from 4 months after planting. The biostimulant treatments resulted in better growth and yield on treated-biostimulan compared to these of control. The best treatment for the vegetative growth and the productive parameters was P6. The plant height, stems diameter, segment number, weight, and sap volume at P6 were respectively 32.2%, 5.5%, 24.0%, 53.2% and 44.7% higher than the control. The best treatment for the sugar yield was P5 and the productivity parameters was P6 respectively, 42.5% and 70.5% higher than the control. The best treatments contained Citorin biostimulant. Humic Acid and Mycorrhiza which increased growth and sugar yield of Kidang Kencana sugarcane at drought stress conditions.[Keywords: drought stress Kidang Kencana variety, plant biostimulant, productivity, sugar yield]. AbstrakPeningkatan produktivitas dan rendemen gula tanaman tebu diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gula yang terus meningkat. Aplikasi biostimulan merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan rendemen gula khususnya pada kondisi tercekam kekeringan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian beberapa produk biostimulan terhadap produktivitas tanaman tebu varietas Kidang Kencana yang rentan cekaman kekeringan. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca dengan perlakuan beberapa perlakuan biostimulan pada tanaman tebu, yaitu P0: Kontrol, P1: Citorin-R, P2: Citorin-R dan Citorin-S (1x semprot) P3: Citorin-R dan Citorin-S (2x semprot), P4: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (1x semprot) dan Asam Humat, P5: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (1x semprot), Asam Humat dan Mikoriza, P6: Citorin-R, Citorin-S (2x semprot), Asam Humat dan Mikoriza. Seluruh perlakuan diberi kondisi cekaman kekeringan pada 4 bulan setelah tanam. Perlakuan biostimulan memberikan pengaruh serta hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol baik fase vegetatif maupun produktif. Perlakuan terbaik selama fase vegetatif hingga 5 bulan setelah tanam adalah P6. Tinggi batang panen, diameter batang panen, jumlah ruas batang, bobot batang dan volume nira pada P6 meningkat 32,2%, 5,5%, 24,0%, 53,2% dan 44,7% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Perlakuan terbaik untuk parameter rendemen gula adalah P5 dan produktivitas gula adalah P6, masing-masing 42,5% dan 70,5% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Perlakuan terbaik tersebut mengandung komponen biostimulan yaitu Citorin, Asam Humat dan Mikoriza yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan rendemen gula tanaman tebu Kidang Kencana pada kondisi cekaman kekeringan. [Kata kunci: cekaman kekeringan, varietas Kidang Kencana, biostimulan tanaman, produktivitas, rendemen gula].

scholarly journals WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO WITH HALOSULFURON (SANDEA)

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 505C-505
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Masabni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Tomato Growth ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Plastic Application

Experiments were conducted in the last 3 years to evaluate the safety and efficacy of halosulfuron (Sandea 75WG) application under the plastic mulch within 7 days of transplanting tomato. In 2003, tomato plants were transplanted daily from day 0 through 7 after halosulfuron 0.051 kg a.i./ha application. Plant survival and height were collected. Tomato plants survived all dates of transplanting treatments. Plant height indicated that plants transplanted early were taller than those transplanted late, only because they had more time to establish and grow in the field. In 2004, tomatoes were set on a 2-day interval from day 0 through 10 after halosulfuron application. Halosulfuron 0.025 or 0.052 kg a.i./ha had no effect on plant height or yield. In 2005, an experiment was initiated to determine whether addition of trifluralin to halosulfuron under the plastic mulch will improve grass control and remain safe to tomatoes. Halosulfuron at 0.025, 0.052, and 0.1 kg a.i./ha, was applied alone and combined with trifluralin 0.63 kg a.i./ha. All treatments were applied under the plastic mulch. Tomato plants were transplanted at 6 days after application (DBT) and 0 DBT. Halosulfuron 0.1 kg ai/ha resulted in slight stunting and yield reduction of tomato, whether applied at 6 or 0DBT. However, this stunting was not statistically significant. Trifluralin didn't affect tomato yield at 6DBT and significantly increased yields at 0DBT for 0.052 and 0.1 ka a.i./ha halosulfuron rates. Trifluralin reduced grass biomass but resulted in an increase of nightshade biomass. Halosulfuron was determined to be very safe on tomato growth and yield, even if tomato was transplanted on the same day of application. Trifluralin also was found to have little or no effect on tomato growth or yield, and appears to have a potential use as an herbicide for under plastic application in tomato production.

scholarly journals Citrus Viroids: Symptom Expression and Effect on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vernière ◽  
X. Perrier ◽  
C. Dubois ◽  
A. Dubois ◽  
L. Botella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Natural Hosts

Citrus are natural hosts of five viroid species: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV). CEVd and specific sequence variants of HSVd are the causal agents of the wellknown diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce different degrees of stunting. Since commercial citrus trees are commonly infected with mixtures of these viroids, only limited information is available on their effect in species other than Etrog citron. A field assay was conducted to establish the effect of each viroid on Commune clementine trees grafted on Pomeroy trifoliate orange. Infected trees were periodically monitored over a 12-year period (1990 to 2002) for symptom expression, growth, and fruit yield. Only CEVd caused bark scaling on the trifoliate orange rootstock and marked dwarfing, both characteristic of exocortis disease as initially described. In addition, very conspicuous bumps were observed in the wood of the rootstock after removing the bark. Only those HSVd variants, previously characterized as pathogenic in several cachexia-sensitive species, induced pits and gum deposits characteristic of this disease in the clementine scion. Bark cracking symptoms on the trifoliate orange rootstock were also observed. They were associated with CVd-IV, HSVd, or CEVd infection, but in the latter, they were only clearly observed in trees that showed mild scaling. Other abnormalities (deep pits, crests, and gummy pits) were not associated with viroid infection. No specific symptoms resulted from infection with CBLVd and CVd-III. HSVd, CVd-IV, and CBLVd had little or no effect in growth and yield, whereas CEVd and CVd-III caused a significant reduction of growth and yield, which became more pronounced over time with CEVd infection. Yield reduction was associated mainly with loss of production of large fruits. In general, there was a good correlation between reduction in vegetative growth and yield.

Pemberian Superfarm Rhizobium Dan Pupuk N Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merill.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Rika Agustina ◽  
Hamidah Hamidah ◽  
Akhmad Sopian
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Crop Seed

Giving Superfarm Rhizobium and N fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.). The aim of research to determine the effect of Superfarm Rhizobium and N fertilizer on the growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L. Merill). The study was conducted over four months, from March to July 2015. The study in Dusun Desa Sumber Jaya Manunggal Jaya Rt. 09 District of Tenggarong Seberang Regency. this study used a draft split plot with factorial 3 x 4 consisting of three replications. the first factor is Superfarm Rhizobium which comprise three levels: ie s0 (without treatment), s1 (2 g / plant), s2 (4 g / plant). The second factor is the dose of N fertilizer consists of four levels ie N0 (without fertilizer) n1 (2.5G / plant) n2 (5g / plant) and n3 (7,5g / plant) . the results showed that treatment of Rhizobium Superfarm Award (S) had no significant effect on all parameters. While the provision of fertilizer N (N) significantly affected plant height parameter parameter 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting. and at a dose of 7.5 g significantly the parameters of crop seed weight, seed weight per plot, the production results (Ton ha-1). The highest production was achieved by treatment s0n3 483.33 g / plot, equivalent to 2.69 Toh ha-1.

Effect of Apical Debudding on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. Olasantan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Insect Attack

SUMMARYField trials on okra over three seasons showed that the removal of the apical bud on the main stem at 3 or 4 weeks did not affect marketable fruit yield but that yield was reduced by about 39% when debudding was done at 5, 6 or 7 weeks. Apical debudding led to increased vegetative development, enhanced dry matter accumulation and reduced plant height. Removing the apical bud at weeks 3, 4 or 5 delayed the first harvest by 8, 15 or 18 days, respectively, compared to the undebudded control plants. It appears that okra can tolerate considerable apical damage during the vegetative stage, as can happen with insect attack, without serious loss of yield.

Moisture Soil Level Determination in Husk Tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) Crop in Western Mexico

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 488d-488
Author(s):  
F. Radillo-Juárez ◽  
J. Farias-Larios
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Husk Tomato ◽  
Fruit Diameter

When moisture conditions in soil are suitable, the husk tomato has good vegetative growth and high yield. The objective of this work was determine the minimum available moisture level to obtain the highest yield, and establish an irrigation calendar. Treatments evaluated were: 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of moisture reduction in soil, according to the gravimetric method, in a randomized complete-block design with four replications. The variance analysis and Duncan test were carried out at a 0.05 level of probability for following variables studied: Fresh fruit yield (kg/ha), plant height, root length, and fruit diameter. The results show that a 30% reduction moisture level was remarkable with a 28,610.67-kg/ha yield of fresh fruit. In relation to agronomics characteristics, the results show that, for plant height, root length, and fruit diameter were remarkable with the 15% and 60% reduction moisture, respectively. This was due to the greater interval of irrigation and tendency of root system to search for moisture. The greater vegetative growth and yield is with a moisture level of 65% to 80% present in soil, indicating that the husk tomato tolerates this 30% of reduction moisture, with higher values producing more stress in plants and modifying the vegetative growth and production.

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