Grain field of Fiord faba bean in relation to strain of Rhizobium

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inoculant Strain ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Inoculation Group ◽  
Present Group ◽  
Better Than

Drill-sown field experiments were established in 1988 at each of 6 sites in the cereal districts of South Australia to assess the responses of Fiord faba bean to inoculation with 2 different strains of Rhizobium. Each trial was sown and managed in co-operation with a farmer using standard farm equipment. The 4 inoculation treatments imposed were: no inoculation; Group E, strain SU 391; strain SU 303; SU 391 + SU 303. Samples were taken during early vegetative growth for determination of nodulation, nodule activity and plant dry weight. Inoculation significantly (P<0.05) improved nodulation, with SU 303 being better than SU 391, but early plant growth did not respond to inoculation. Grain yield at the end of the season was improved an average of 20% by inoculation; 15% for SU 391 and 28 % for SU 303. It is concluded that SU 303 is a better inoculant for Fiord faba bean than the present Group E inoculant, strain SU 391.

An evaluation of potential Rhizobium inoculant strains used for pulse production in acidic soils of south-east Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inoculant Strain

Profitability of the pulse industry relies considerably on crop nitrogen fixation because this process supplies greater than 60% of pulse crop nitrogen. Therefore the industry requires the most efficient Rhizobium symbioses and effective inoculation management. Re-appraisal of the recommended inoculant strain for field pea, SU303, in south-east Australia, was warranted by field evidence that SU303 failed to maximise grain yield at sites in Western Australia. Re-appraisal of the inoculant strain for faba bean and lentil, WSM1274, was warranted because of anecdotal evidence from Western Australia of associated crop failures. In addition, a glasshouse study in Western Australia reported greater dry matter production by faba bean and lentil inoculated with strains other than WSM1274. This paper reports trials comparing potential inoculant strains for field pea and faba bean in soils of south-east Australia. Comparisons are based on efficiency for nitrogen fixation, survival on seed and survival in soil. Additionally, because the pulse industry lacked comprehensive information to assist decision making on the need for recurring inoculation, relevant investigation of this issue is also reported. The results of 3 field experiments for efficiency for nitrogen fixation, over mildly (pHCa 5.0) to strongly (pHCa 4.3) acidic soil in south-east Australia supported replacing SU303 as the commercial inoculant. The efficiency for nitrogen fixation of WSM1274 on faba bean was not found to be inferior to alternative strains. However, its capacity for survival on seed at temperatures of 15°C and above, over a wide range of relative humidity, and perhaps its capacity for survival in acidic soil, was inferior. This provided additional evidence to justify the replacement of this inoculant strain that was agreed to by a national steering committee in 2001, based on the Western Australia reports, the early experiments in this study and those of a collaborative study in Victoria. Alternative inoculant strains to SU303 and WSM1274 were identified in the current study. Temperature and relative humidity conditions suitable for maintaining inoculant viability with extended storage of inoculated field pea and faba bean are also discussed. A survey of rhizobia surviving in soil was used to determine the time scale of persistence of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) in soils of the south-east. It was concluded that in soils of pH (CaCl2) <5.1, inoculation of field pea and faba bean should be routinely practiced; none of the strains of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae tested showed ability for survival in strongly acidic soil sufficient to obviate seed inoculation. It was further concluded that the absence of a legume host for lupin rhizobia for 4 or more years would also warrant reintroducing inoculant of B. sp. (Lupinus).

Herbicide Application Strategies for the Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Wide-Row Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Southern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Two field experiments were undertaken at Roseworthy, South Australia from 2006 to 2007 to evaluate the performance of herbicide application strategies for the control of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean grown in wide rows (WR). The standard farmer practice of applying postsowing PRE (PSPE) simazine followed by POST clethodim to faba bean grown in WR provided consistent and high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 96%) and caused a large reduction (P < 0.05) in spike production (≤ 20 spikes m−2) as compared with nontreated control (560 to 722 spikes m−2). Furthermore, this herbicide combination resulted in greatest yield benefits for WR faba bean (723 to 1,046 kg ha−1). Although PSPE propyzamide used in combination with shielded interrow applications of glyphosate or paraquat provided high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 93%), these treatments were unable to reduce ryegrass spike density within the crop row (20 to 54 spikes m−2) to levels acceptable for continued cropping. Furthermore, a yield reduction (13 to 29%) was observed for faba bean in treatments with shielded application of nonselective herbicides and could be related to spray drift onto lower leaves. These findings highlight that shielded interrow spraying in WR faba bean could play an important role in the management of rigid ryegrass in southern Australia. However, timing of shielded interrow applications on weed control, crop safety, and issues concerning integration with more effective early-season control strategies require attention.

Theoretical and experimental developments for accurate determination of crystallinity of cellulose I materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Driemeier ◽  
Guilherme A. Calligaris
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Better Than

This work defines the crystallinity of cellulose I materials on a dry-weight basis. Theoretical and experimental developments in X-ray diffraction lead to a crystallinity determination method that is estimated to reach 1σ accuracies of better than 0.05 (crystallinity defined between 0 and 1). The method is based on Rietveld modelling, to resolve cellulose I Bragg peaks, and a standard truncated invariant integral. Corrections are derived to account for incoherent scattering, moisture content and other compositional deviations from pure cellulose. The experimental development uses X-ray diffraction in transmission fibre geometry with two-dimensional pattern Rietveld modelling, including a crystal-orientation distribution function. The crystallinities of a few commercial cellulose I materials were determined with the aim of illustrating the applicability of the method.

scholarly journals Legume-rhizobium specificity effect on nodulation, biomass production and partitioning of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayou Bunkura Allito ◽  
Nana Ewusi-Mensah ◽  
Vincent Logah ◽  
Demelash Kefale Hunegnaw
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Strains

AbstractGreenhouse and multi-location experiments were conducted for two consecutive years to investigate the effects of rhizobium on nodulation, biomass production and partitioning of faba bean. Split-plot in randomized complete block design was used for field experiments. Treatments consisted of six rhizobium strains and three faba bean varieties. Peat carrier-based inoculant of each strain was applied at the rate of 10 g kg−1 seed. Non-inoculated plants without N fertilizer and with N fertilizer served as –N and + N controls, respectively. Data on nodulation, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were collected and analyzed. Inoculation of rhizobium significantly increased nodulation of faba bean under greenhouse and field conditions. Location x strain x variety interaction had significant effects on nodulation, dry matter production and partitioning. Rhizobium inoculation increased nodulation, shoot and root dry weights of faba bean across locations. For example, inoculation with rhizobium strains NSFBR-15 and NSFBR-12 to variety Moti resulted in 206.9 and 99.3% shoot dry weight increase at Abala Gase and Hankomolicha, respectively and 133.3 and 70.7% root dry weight increase on the same variety at the same sites, respectively. Nodulation and biomass production depend on the compatibility between faba bean genotype and rhizobium strain and its interaction with soil bio-physical conditions.

Long-spine sandbur [Cenchrus longispinus (Hack. in Kneuck.) Fernald] control in corn

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Soltani ◽  
M. Kumagai ◽  
L. Brown ◽  
P H Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Better Than

Long-spine sandbur is an annual grass that infests many fields in southwestern Ontario, especially those with sandy soils. Eight field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period (2007, 2008) in Ontario to determine the efficacy of various preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for control of long-spine sandbur in corn. Generally, the POST applied herbicides controlled long-spine sandbur better than PRE herbicides evaluated in this study. PRE application of dimethenamid-p (1250 g a.i. ha-1), S-metolachlor (1600 g a.i. ha-1), flufenacet (1040 g a.i. ha-1), pendimethalin (1680 g a.i. ha-1), pyroxasulfone (250 g a.i. ha-1), or isoxaflutole plus atrazine (105 + 1063 g a.i. ha-1) controlled long-spine sandbur 0-79%. POST application mesotrione + atrazine (140 + 280 g a.i. ha-1) or topramezone + atrazine (18.75 + 500 g a.i. ha-1) provided 24-82% control, foramsulfuron (35 g a.i. ha-1) or primisulfuron/dicamba (26 +140 g a.i. ha-1) provided 54-87% control, and rimsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha-1), nicosulfuron (25 g a.i. ha-1) or nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g a.i. ha-1) provided 68-95% control of long-spine sandbur in corn. Similar reduction in sandbur density and shoot dry weight were observed. PRE applied isoxaflutole + atrazine and POST applied rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron, primisulfuron/dicamba, and topramezone + atrazine all provided yield comparable with the weed-free control. Among the herbicides evaluated rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron provide the most consistent long-spine sandbur control in corn.Key words: Weed control, preemergence herbicide, postemergence herbicide, rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, primisulfuron, dicamba, topramezone, atrazine

The effect of granule size of compound fertilizers on barley crops grown in calcareous soils

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
TG Heard
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Manganese Uptake ◽  
Yorke Peninsula

The effect of variations in the granule size of compound fertilizers on dry matter, grain yield and nutrient uptake of barley was evaluated in three field experiments on the calcareous soil (> 80 per cent CaCO3) of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. This soil has a high capacity to fix applied phosphorus and manganese. The fertilizers contained superphosphate, manganous and cupric sulphates, and, in two experiments, elemental sulphur as well. The fertilizers were banded with the seed. In all experiments, small fertilizer granules with diameters less than 2.1 mm produced greater grain 5elds than the larger granules. In two of the three experiments, a commercial-sized fertilizer (< 4.8 mm diam.) produced yields similar to those of the small granules. In two of the experiments, plant dry weight, phosphorus and manganese uptake was also significantly increased with decreasing granule size, particularly during rapid plant growth from mid-tillering to late stem extension. This response was more pronounced where the phosphate application rate was suboptimal. In the third experiment, conducted in a year of above average rainfall, the responses were variable and usually not significant. From measurements of granule distribution we suggest that the greater plant response to small granules is due to the better distribution of fertilizer within the soil. This appears to increase contact between plant roots and fertilizer and hence increases the nutrient uptake by the crop.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed Size and Cultivar on Emergence and Stand Establishment of Broccoli in Crusted Soil

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Heather ◽  
J.B. Sieczka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Better Than

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to determine the effect of seed size and cultivar on seedling emergence through crusted soil for several hybrid broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleracea ssp. italica). Seed was separated into four sizes (2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4 mm in diameter) for the greenhouse investigations, and soil crusting was achieved using a crusting resin. In 1989, field experiments using three seed sizes (small = 1.4 to 1.6 mm, medium = 1.7 to 1.9 mm, and large = 2.0 to 2.2 mm in diameter) were planted at the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in a Riverhead sandy loam that crusted readily following rainfall. Seedling emergence data from the greenhouse and field studies indicate that seed size and cultivar significantly affect emergence and stand establishment. Seedling stand, dry weight, and final yield significantly increased as seed size increased for both cultivars in the field experiments. The emergence of `Mariner' generally was significantly better than that of `Greenlady' for each seed size. Seed of `Greenlady' also weighed significantly less than that of `Mariner' within each seed size tested.

scholarly journals Preplant and postemergence herbicide treatments for weed control in direct-seeded and transplantedcalabaza (Cucurbita moschata)

1969 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Nelson Semidey ◽  
Agenol González-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Agricultural Experiment Station ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Early Establishment ◽  
Better Than

Two field experiments were conducted at the Corozal Agricultural Experiment Station, Puerto Rico, in 2000 and 2001 to evaluate four herbicide treatments in direct-seeded and transplanted calabaza [Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Poir)] cv. Soler. Herbicide treatments were 1) glyphosate (1.75 U ha) preplanting (PP); 2) glyphosate (1.75 L/ha, PP) followed by sethoxydim (0.31 kg ai/ha) postemergence from five to nine weeks after planting; 3) clomazone (0.50 kg ai/ha, PP); 4) mixture of clomazone (0.50 kg ai/ha) + glyphosate (1.75 L/ha, PP); and 5) control with hand-weeded cultivation. Predominant weeds in the experimental area were large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], jungle rice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link], wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.), and niruri (Phyllanthus niruriL.). At three and six weeks after planting, grasses and total weed density were usually higher in 2000 than in 2001. In 2000, preplant clomazone alone or in mixture with glyphosate was more effective than glyphosate alone in reducing grasses and total weed densities at three weeks after planting. Differences in weed densities in general were non-significant among herbicide treatments in 2001. Also in 2001 hand-hoe cultivation was more effective reducing grasses and total weeds than preplant mixture of glyphosate plus clomazone or preplant glyphosate alone. Differences in weed dry weight at the end of the season as well as in calabaza yields were non-significant for herbicide treatments. Transplanted calabaza produced higher mean yields than direct-seeded calabaza both years. This result indicates that transplanted calabaza may compete better than direct-seeded calabaza under low weed population levels (two to 23 plants per 0.5 m2), given the advantage of the early establishment of transplants before appearance of weeds. 

Alternative Herbicides for the Management of Clethodim-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Faba Bean (Vicia fabaL.) in Southern Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Two field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Roseworthy, South Australia to identify effective herbicide options for the management of clethodim-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance in both field populations (B3, 2012 and E2, 2013) to clethodim and butroxydim. Sequencing of the target site of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase gene in both populations identified an aspartate-2078-glycine mutation. Although resistance of B3 and E2 populations to clethodim was similar (16.5- and 21.4-fold more resistant than the susceptible control SLR4), the B3 population was much more resistant to butroxydim (7.13-fold) than E2 (2.24-fold). Addition of butroxydim to clethodim reduced rigid ryegrass plant density 60 to 80% and seed production 71 to 88% compared with the standard grower practice of simazine PPI plus clethodim POST. Clethodim + butroxydim combination had the highest grain yield of faba bean (980 to 2,400 kg ha−1). Although propyzamide and pyroxasulfone plus triallate PPI provided the next highest levels of rigid ryegrass control (< 60%), these treatments were more variable and unable to reduce seed production (6,354 to 13,570 seeds m−2) to levels acceptable for continuous cropping systems.

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

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