Herbicide Application Strategies for the Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Wide-Row Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Southern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Two field experiments were undertaken at Roseworthy, South Australia from 2006 to 2007 to evaluate the performance of herbicide application strategies for the control of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean grown in wide rows (WR). The standard farmer practice of applying postsowing PRE (PSPE) simazine followed by POST clethodim to faba bean grown in WR provided consistent and high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 96%) and caused a large reduction (P < 0.05) in spike production (≤ 20 spikes m−2) as compared with nontreated control (560 to 722 spikes m−2). Furthermore, this herbicide combination resulted in greatest yield benefits for WR faba bean (723 to 1,046 kg ha−1). Although PSPE propyzamide used in combination with shielded interrow applications of glyphosate or paraquat provided high levels of rigid ryegrass control (≥ 93%), these treatments were unable to reduce ryegrass spike density within the crop row (20 to 54 spikes m−2) to levels acceptable for continued cropping. Furthermore, a yield reduction (13 to 29%) was observed for faba bean in treatments with shielded application of nonselective herbicides and could be related to spray drift onto lower leaves. These findings highlight that shielded interrow spraying in WR faba bean could play an important role in the management of rigid ryegrass in southern Australia. However, timing of shielded interrow applications on weed control, crop safety, and issues concerning integration with more effective early-season control strategies require attention.

Alternative Herbicides for the Control of Clethodim-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Clearfield Canola in Southern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Rigid ryegrass is the most-troublesome, herbicide-resistant weed in cropping systems of southern Australia. Field experiments were undertaken at Roseworthy, South Australia, in 2013 and 2014, to identify effective herbicide options for the control of clethodim-resistant rigid ryegrass in Clearfield canola. PPI trifluralin + triallate followed by (fb) POST imazamox + imazapyr + clethodim + butroxydim had the lowest plant density of rigid ryegrass in 2014 and provided superior control compared with the standard grower practice of PPI trifluralin + triallate fb POST imazamox + imazapyr + clethodim in 1 of 2 yr. Propyzamide either alone or as a split application (PPI fb POST) or in combination with clethodim provided similar rigid ryegrass control to that of the standard grower practice (38 to 553 plants m−2). Rigid ryegrass treated with PPI dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, pethoxamid + triallate, and PPI trifluralin fb carbetamide POST produced significantly more seeds than the standard grower practice, which would lead to reinfestation of subsequent crops. Canola yield responded positively to effective herbicide treatments, especially in 2014, when rigid ryegrass density was greater. PPI dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid alone or in combination with triallate and propyzamide were ineffective in reducing rigid ryegrass density and seed production to levels acceptable for continuous cropping systems.

Incidence of Herbicide Resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) across Southeastern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass is an escalating problem in grain-cropping fields of southeastern Australia due to increased reliance on herbicides as the main method for weed control. Weed surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2009 to identify the extent of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass across this region to dinitroaniline, and acetolactate synthase- and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Rigid ryegrass was collected from cropped fields chosen at random. Outdoor pot studies were conducted during the normal winter growing season for rigid ryegrass with PRE-applied trifluralin and POST-applied diclofop-methyl, chlorsulfuron, tralkoxydim, pinoxaden, and clethodim. Herbicide resistance to trifluralin in rigid ryegrass was identified in one-third of the fields surveyed from South Australia, whereas less than 5% of fields in Victoria exhibited resistance. In contrast, resistance to chlorsulfuron was detected in at least half of the cropped fields across southeastern Australia. Resistance to the cereal-selective aryloxyphenoxypropionate-inhibiting herbicides diclofop-methyl, tralkoxydim, and pinoxaden ranged between 30 and 60% in most regions, whereas in marginal cropping areas less than 12% of fields exhibited resistance. Resistance to clethodim varied between 0 and 61%. Higher levels of resistance to clethodim were identified in the more intensively cropped, higher-rainfall districts where pulse and canola crops are common. These weed surveys demonstrated that a high incidence of resistance to most tested herbicides was present in rigid ryegrass from cropped fields in southeastern Australia, which presents a major challenge for crop producers.

Control of thiocarbamate-resistant rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in wheat in southern Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
David J. Brunton ◽  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted during 2018 at Paskeville and Arthurton, South Australia, to identify effective herbicide options for the control of thiocarbamate-resistant rigid ryegrass in wheat. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance in both field populations (T1 and A18) of rigid ryegrass to triallate, prosulfocarb, trifluralin, and pyroxasulfone. T1 and A18 were 17.9- and 20-fold more resistant to triallate than susceptible SLR4. The level of resistance detected in T1 to prosulfocarb (5.9-fold) and pyroxasulfone (4-fold) was lower compared to A18, which displayed 12.1- and 7.8-fold resistance to both herbicides, respectively. Despite resistance, the mixture of two different preplant-incorporated (PPI) site-of-action herbicides improved rigid ryegrass control and wheat yield compared to a single PPI herbicide only. Prosulfocarb + triallate and prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor + triallate did not reduce rigid ryegrass seed set when compared to prosulfocarb applied alone at the higher rate (2,400 g ai ha–1). Pyroxasulfone + triallate PPI followed by glyphosate (1,880 g ai ha-1) as a weed seed set control treatment reduced rigid ryegrass seed production by 93% and 95% at both sites, respectively. These herbicides also significantly improved grain yield of wheat at Paskeville (22%) and Arthurton (38%) compared to the untreated.

Alternative Herbicides for the Management of Clethodim-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Faba Bean (Vicia fabaL.) in Southern Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Two field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Roseworthy, South Australia to identify effective herbicide options for the management of clethodim-resistant rigid ryegrass in faba bean. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance in both field populations (B3, 2012 and E2, 2013) to clethodim and butroxydim. Sequencing of the target site of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase gene in both populations identified an aspartate-2078-glycine mutation. Although resistance of B3 and E2 populations to clethodim was similar (16.5- and 21.4-fold more resistant than the susceptible control SLR4), the B3 population was much more resistant to butroxydim (7.13-fold) than E2 (2.24-fold). Addition of butroxydim to clethodim reduced rigid ryegrass plant density 60 to 80% and seed production 71 to 88% compared with the standard grower practice of simazine PPI plus clethodim POST. Clethodim + butroxydim combination had the highest grain yield of faba bean (980 to 2,400 kg ha−1). Although propyzamide and pyroxasulfone plus triallate PPI provided the next highest levels of rigid ryegrass control (< 60%), these treatments were more variable and unable to reduce seed production (6,354 to 13,570 seeds m−2) to levels acceptable for continuous cropping systems.

Evaluating the double knockdown technique: sequence, application interval, and annual ryegrass growth stage

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Borger ◽  
Abul Hashem
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
The Difference

Applying glyphosate followed by a mixture of paraquat + diquat in the same season for pre-planting weed control may reduce the risk of developing resistance to either herbicide. Glasshouse and field experiments at Merredin and Beverly, Western Australia, were conducted over 2 seasons to determine the best herbicide application sequence, growth stage of annual ryegrass at which to apply the 2 herbicides, and application time and interval to be allowed between applications for optimum control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Annual ryegrass plants were treated at 3 growth stages with either glyphosate 540 g a.i./ha alone, paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha alone, glyphosate followed by paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha, or paraquat + diquat 250 g a.i./ha followed by glyphosate 540 g a.i./ha (the double knockdown treatment). The herbicides were applied at different times of the day, with varied intervals between herbicides when applied in sequence. The glasshouse experiment showed that herbicides in sequence more effectively killed annual ryegrass plants at the 3–6-leaf stage than a single application of either herbicide. Field experiments showed that applying glyphosate followed by paraquat + diquat provided 98–100% control of annual ryegrass plants when applied at the 3- or 6-leaf stage in 2002 and at all 3 growth stages in 2003. Generally, the sequence of paraquat + diquat followed by glyphosate was less effective than the reverse sequence, although the difference was not large. Averaged over 2 seasons, herbicides in sequence were most effective when the first herbicide was applied at the 3- or 6-leaf stage of annual ryegrass. An interval of 2–10 days between applications of herbicides was more effective than 1 day or less. The application time did not significantly affect the efficacy of double knockdown herbicides on annual ryegrass plants under field conditions.

Reduced Glyphosate Translocation in Two Glyphosate-Resistant Populations of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from Fence Lines in South Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Adu-Yeboah ◽  
Jenna M. Malone ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Fence Line

Populations of rigid ryegrass with resistance to glyphosate have started to become a problem on fence lines of cropping fields of southern Australian farms. Seed of rigid ryegrass plants that survived glyphosate application were collected from two fence line locations in Clare, South Australia. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance of these fence line populations to glyphosate. Both populations required 9- to 15-fold higher glyphosate dose to achieve 50% mortality in comparison to a standard susceptible population. The mechanism of resistance in these populations was investigated. Sequencing a conserved region of the gene encoding 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase identified no differences between the resistant and susceptible populations. Absorption of glyphosate into leaves of the resistant populations was not different from the susceptible population. However, the resistant plants retained significantly more herbicide in the treated leaf blades than did the susceptible plants. Conversely, susceptible plants translocated significantly more herbicide to the leaf sheaths and untreated leaves than the resistant plants. The differences in translocation pattern for glyphosate between the resistant and susceptible populations of rigid ryegrass suggest resistance is associated with altered translocation of glyphosate in the fence line populations.

Germination, Growth, and Development of Herbicide Resistant and Susceptible Populations of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Roger D. Cousens ◽  
Margaret R. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
The One ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Rate of seedling emergence, relative growth rate (RGR), and phenological development were compared in several accessions of rigid ryegrass belonging to three distinct resistance classes. The aryloxyphenoxypropionate resistant (AOPP-R) class had a faster and less variable seedling emergence than the sulfonylurea resistant (SU-R) and susceptible (S) classes. However, even the fastest of the AOPP-R accessions was within the range of the S and SU-R classes. No significant differences were detected among the resistant classes in seed dormancy, RGR, and the rate of phenological development. The rate of spike emergence, irrespective of the resistance class, was related to the latitude of the origin of the accessions, suggesting adaptation to the local climates since introduction. Due to considerable variation among weed populations for most biological attributes, the need to include several R and S accessions, in studies similar to the one reported here, is of vital importance. Because of the means and variances of the three resistance classes, at least four accessions from each resistance class would have been required to detect the observed differences between emergence rates of the AOPP-R and S classes with a confidence of 95%.

Varying responses of field-selected herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations to combinations of phorate with PPI herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
David J. Brunton ◽  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Sites Of Action

AbstractOrganophosphate insecticides, which have the capacity to inhibit specific herbicide-degrading (cytochrome P450) enzymes, have been used to explore metabolic herbicide-resistance mechanisms in weeds. This study investigates the response of seven field-selected rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) populations to herbicides from three different sites of action in the presence or absence of the P450 inhibitor phorate. Phorate antagonized the thiocarbamate herbicides triallate and prosulfocarb (8-fold increase in LD50) in multiple resistant L. rigidum populations with resistance to three different site-of-action herbicides. In contrast, phorate synergized trifluralin and propyzamide in some populations, reducing the LD50 by 50%. Conversely, treatment with phorate had no significant effect on the LD50 for S-metolachlor or pyroxasulfone (inhibitors of very-long-chain fatty-acid synthesis). Phorate has diverse effects that are herbicide and population dependant in field-selected L. rigidum, suggesting P450 involvement in the metabolism of trifluralin and failure to activate thiocarbamate herbicides in these populations. This research highlights the need for implementation of diverse approaches other than herbicide alone as part of a long-term integrated strategy to reduce the likelihood of metabolism-based resistance to PPI herbicides in L. rigidum.

The influence of wheat density and spatial arrangement on annual ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaudin, competition

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Medd ◽  
BA Auld ◽  
DR Kemp ◽  
RD Murison
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Crop Density

The influence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting arrangement and density on the competitive effect of the weed, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), was examined in field experiments over three climatically contrasting years on the central western slopes of New South Wales. Results for three experiments conformed to a common trend. Geometrical arrangement of the crop (rectangularities of 1 to 6.4) at any one of a range of crop densities had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on ryegrass competition, expressed as relative wheat grain yield reduction. However, the effect of ryegrass was substantially reduced by increasing wheat sowing density from 40 or 75 to 200 plants m-2. In analysing models of weed competition a reciprocal yield model (I/ Y = 0.0092 + 0.0037X, r2= 0.89) predicted yield reduction (Y, as per cent of weed-free controls), especially when used with the ratio of weed density to crop density (X), with residual sums of squares lower than for other models.

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