The effect of protein supplements on the production and composition of milk from dairy cows fed high levels of grain with pasture silage in early lactation

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
BD Bartsch
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Holstein Friesian

Milk production and composition were measured for 42 days in 76 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle in early lactation fed a 3 : 1 barley-lupin grain mixture with protein supplements of lupins, meat meal, blood meal, or cottonseed meal. The crude protein content of all grain-protein supplement mixtures was 21%. The cows were fed 9 kglday of the grain-protein supplement mixtures, and perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture silage was available ad libitum. When data from all cows were analysed, no significant differences were recorded in the production and composition of milk from cows fed the different protein supplements. However, analysing only data from those cows producing >25 L/day, there was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the production per day by cows fed blood meal (29.6 L milk, 0.81 kg protein) compared with those fed lupins (27.0, 0.76), meat meal (26.9, 0.75), or cottonseed meal (27.6, 0.75). The rate and extent of degradation of nitrogen in the protein supplements incubated in dacron bags in the rumen of steers was significantly (P<0.05) less for blood meal than for the other protein supplements. Under the conditions of this experiment, blood meal was a more suitable protein supplement than lupins for the production of milk and milk protein in dairy cows in early lactation producing >25 L milk/day.

Production and composition of milk by dairy cows fed common vetch or lupin grain as protein supplements to a silage and pasture-based diet in early lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
BD Bartsch
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk production and composition were measured for 49 days in early lactation in 40 Holstein-Friesian cows fed 8 kg/day (fresh weight) of 1:1 mixtures of either rolled barley-lupin grain (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Gungurru) or barley-common vetch grain (Vicia sativa L. cv. Blanche Fleur). All cows were fed 1 kg/day of a pelleted concentrate containing minerals and vitamins, and wilted perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture silage was available ad libitum with restricted grazing of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture. Cows ate all of the barley-lupin grain and barley-vetch grain mixtures. Mean daily dry matter intakes of silage (kg/cow.day) were 9.9 and 9.8 for cows fed the barley-lupin grain and barley-vetch grain mixtures respectively. Estimated pasture DM intake was 3.0 kg/cow.day. Mean daily yields of milk (L), fat (kg) and protein (kg) were significantly (P<0.001) greater for cows fed the barley-lupin grain mixture (30.3, 1.30 and 0.92 respectively) than for those fed the barley-vetch grain mixture (27.7, 1.23 and 0.87 respectively). Cows fed the barley-vetch grain mixture gained 0.2 kg/day more liveweight than those fed the barley-lupin grain mixture. Although both common vetch grain and lupin grain were readily eaten by dairy cows, when fed as protein supplements to a high quality silage and pasture-based diet in early lactation, cows fed the vetch grain produced less milk and milk components. This may be related to the greater partitioning of nutrients to liveweight gain rather than to toxicity problems in the cows fed vetch grain.

Production and composition of milk by dairy cows fed lupin grain or blood meal as protein supplements to hay- or silage-based diets in early lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
BD Bartsch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
High Level ◽  
Friesian Cows

In 2 concurrent experiments, milk production and composition were measured for 56 days in Holstein-Friesian cows fed concentrate rations based on a mixture of either lupin and barley grains or lupin grain, barley grain and blood meal. In experiment 1, 26 cows were fed 9 kg/day of isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures comprising either 50% barley grain and 50% lupin grain or 70% barley grain, 24% lupin grain and 6% blood meal, together with pasture silage ad libitum. In experiment 2, 32 cows were fed 9 kg/day of isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures comprising either 34% barley grain and 66% lupin grain or 54% barley grain, 40% lupin grain and 6% blood meal, together with pasture hay ad libitum. In both experiments, there were no significant differences between the treatments in the production and composition of milk, or in liveweight and liveweight change. In experiment 1, mean milk yield (L/day), protein content (g/kg), fat content (g/kg), liveweight (kg) and liveweight change (kg/day) were 28.2, 28.5, 40.8, 530 and 0.3, respectively. The corresponding means in experiment 2 were 30.8, 28.6, 39.5, 553 and -0.1. The rate and extent of degradation of nitrogen in the protein supplements incubated in dacron bags in the rumen of steers were lower for blood meal than for lupin grain. It was concluded that, under the conditions in these experiments, when cows were offered a high level of grain concentrate based on barley and lupin grains, as supplements to high quality conserved fodders, there were no benefits to production by replacement of part of the lupin grain by isonitrogenous amounts of blood meal, as a source of undegraded dietary protein.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Relationships between Fat-to-Protein Ratio in Milk and Energy Balance in Dairy Cows of Different Parities, and at Different Stages of Lactation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3256
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Alan W. Gordon ◽  
Finbar J. Mulligan ◽  
Conrad P. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

A statistical re-assessment of aggregated individual cow data was conducted to examine trends in fat-to-protein ratio in milk (FPR), and relationships between FPR and energy balance (EB, MJ of ME/day) in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of different parities, and at different stages of lactation. The data were collected from 27 long-term production trials conducted between 1996 and 2016 at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) in Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. In total, 1321 lactations (1 to 20 weeks in milk; WIM), derived from 840 individual cows fed mainly grass silage-based diets, were included in the analysis. The energy balance was calculated daily and then averaged weekly for statistical analyses. Data were further split in 4 wk. intervals, namely, 1–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, and 17–20 WIM, and both partial correlations and linear regressions (mixed models) established between the mean FPR and EB during these periods. Three FPR score categories (‘Low’ FPR, <1.0; ‘Normal’ FPR, 1.0–1.5; ‘High’ FPR, >1.5) were adopted and the performance and EB indicators within each category were compared. As expected, multiparous cows experienced a greater negative EB compared to primiparous cows, due to their higher milk production relative to DMI. Relatively minor differences in milk fat and protein content resulted in large differences in FPR curves. Second lactation cows displayed the lowest weekly FPR, and this trend was aligned with smaller BW losses and lower concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) until at least 8 WIM. Partial correlations between FPR and EB were negative, and ‘greatest’ in early lactation (1–4 WIM; r = −0.38 on average), and gradually decreased as lactation progressed across all parities (17–20 WIM; r = −0.14 on average). With increasing parity, daily EB values tended to become more negative per unit of FPR. In primiparous cows, regression slopes between FPR and EB differed between 1–4 and 5–8 WIM (−54.6 vs. −47.5 MJ of ME/day), while differences in second lactation cows tended towards significance (−57.2 vs. −64.4 MJ of ME/day). Irrespective of the lactation number, after 9–12 WIM, there was a consistent trend for the slope of the linear relationships between FPR and EB to decrease as lactation progressed, with this likely reflecting the decreasing milk nutrient demands of the growing calf. The incidence of ‘High’ FPR scores was greatest during 1–4 WIM, and decreased as lactation progressed. ‘High’ FPR scores were associated with increased energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields across all parities and stages of lactation, and with smaller BW gains and increasing concentrations (log transformed) of blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; beta-hydroxybutyrate, BHB) until 8 WIM. Results from the present study highlight the strong relationships between FPR in milk, physiological changes, and EB profiles during early lactation. However, while FPR can provide an indication of EB at a herd level, the large cow-to-cow variation indicates that FPR cannot be used as a robust indicator of EB at an individual cow level.

Body condition at calving and the performance of dairy cows in early lactation under Australian conditions: a review

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Feeding Experiments

With the current increases in genetic merit and feeding occurring at farm level, dairy cows are under increasing nutritional stress in early lactation. Cows obtain their energy at this time from the feeds they eat and from body reserves. The relationship between body condition at calving and productivity of dairy cows has been reviewed, with particular emphasis on interactions between body condition and nutrition in early lactation. Recent research on the influence of body condition at calving on subsequent milk productivity, conducted mainly in the United Kingdom with complete diets fed indoors, has produced results in apparent conflict with the previous results from southern Australia and New Zealand where cows grazed pasture. In particular, the overseas research suggests considerably less advantage to improvements in body condition than had been previously thought. It is concluded that more information is needed concerning the interaction between body condition at calving and nutrition in early lactation, with dietary energy and protein both being important. There is a suggestion that, when complete diets are fed, it is better to achieve high energy concentrations in post-calving diets by the use of high-fibre concentrates with a fat supplement, rather than with high-starch concentrates. This has implications for dairying in Australia, since cereal grains are the major energy supplement used on many farms in early lactation and recent research has indicated that immediate marginal milk production responses to the use of concentrates may be poorer with fat cows than with thin cows. Reports from controlled feeding experiments indicate that fat cows need more dietary protein than thin cows and undegradable dietary protein might be of more concern than rumen degradable protein. However, in dairy systems where pasture is a considerable proportion of the diet, benefits of supplying specific undegradable dietary protein supplements still need to be established. Recent research has suggested that pasture appears to provide considerable quantities of undegradable dietary protein, even though the crude protein in pasture is potentially highly degradable in the rumen. Body condition at calving may also affect subsequent reproductive performance. This is due to its association with the degree of negative energy balance occurring in early lactation and because fat cows may be more susceptible to metabolic disease(s). While the mechanisms involved are probably quite complex, increases in animal productivity will generate more stress in cows at a time of their annual cycle when stress needs to be minimised. Further understanding is required to link the relevancy of overseas research to Australian dairy farming conditions where pasture is a key input.

scholarly journals Management of blood lipid profile and oxidative status in Holstein and Simmental dairy cows during lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Dejan Obućinski ◽  
Nikola Puvača ◽  
Olivera Đuragić ◽  
Dragana Ljubojević Pelić ◽  
Mirela Tomaš Simin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Blood Lipid Profile ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Peak Lactation

Managing and determination of the blood lipid profile and oxidative status are useful tool to show the influence of foreign chemical substances on production of dairy cows. Investigation of various biomarkers of oxidative stress related to various problems in the production dairy cows presents a very important issue. The aim of this research was to investigate different biological markers in two different breeds of dairy cows – the Holstein Friesian and the Simmental, during different stages of lactation. The total of 60 Holstein Friesian and Simmental cows were divided into two treatments (HF and S) which was further divided into three groups each, respectively. Lactating groups of each cow breed was divided into three stages at early lactation of 32-75 days (HF1 and S1), peak lactation of 80-165 days (HF2 and S2) and low lactation of 175 days onward (HF3 and S3). During the research the total milk production and the percentage of milk fat and protein were determined. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein of each cow, the serum was harvested without anticoagulant and stored at -20 °C in small aliquots till further analysis. Serum was then analyzed for triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, ALT, GGT, the total antioxidant status (TAS), the total oxidant status (TOS), MDA, SOD, catalase and paraoxonase (PON1). Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher values of cholesterol, TOS and SOD at peak lactation stage was observed in all cows. A gradual decline from early lactation to low lactation was observed in the values of triglycerides and ALT, while MDA gradually increased from the same stage in all cows. The values of LDL and catalase showed an irregular pattern of variations in various lactation stages among all groups. The Holstein Friesian breed showed significantly higher values of ALT and PON1, while values of HDL, TAS and TOS were the lowest in Simmental group (P&lt;0.05). By measuring the signs of oxidative stress, it was concluded that metabolic efforts of cows during the peak of lactation affected the investigated parameters. Disturbance in feed intake and rise in metabolic processes lift up oxidative stress in cows, especially during the peak of lactation, which might be determined by monitoring blood alterations. Results of our study indicated that the Holstein Friesian breed was under higher oxidative stress during different lactation stages compared to Simmental dairy cows.

Turnips and protein supplements for lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moate ◽  
C. Grainger ◽  
D. E. Dalley ◽  
K. Martin ◽  
J. R. Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Friesian Cows

Many farmers in southern Victoria grow fodder turnips as a summer feed for lactating dairy cows. This paper reports on 2 experiments that measured the milk yields and liveweight changes of cows offered a basal forage diet and combinations of turnips, barley and protein supplements (cottonseed meal or lupins). A stall feeding experiment was conducted over 26 days with 40 Friesian cows in mid lactation offered 1 of 5 dietary treatments. All cows were offered 10 kg DM/day of a basal diet comprising pasture, pasture hay and pasture silage which is similar to that available on many southern Victorian dairy farms during summer. Cows in a control group did not receive additional feed supplements. Cows in the other 4 groups were offered a supplement of 5 kg DM/cow.day of either turnips, barley or a mixture containing 3 kg DM/cow.day of turnips and 2.0 kg DM/cow.day of either crushed lupins or cottonseed meal. The marginal milk responses from barley, turnips, turnips + lupins and turnips + cottonseed meal were 0.80, 0.92, 1.15 and 1.00 L/kg DM of supplement eaten. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the liveweight changes of the supplemented groups. Samples of the feeds used in this experiment were placed in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of non-lactating dairy cows. The ‘&Oslash;rskov’ protein degradation parameters for these feeds are compared with the published values for a range of Australian feeds. The rate and extent of degradation of protein from the turnip leaves, turnip bulbs and crushed barley were all similar. A grazing experiment was conducted over 65 days with 56 Friesian cows in mid lactation, offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments. All groups were allowed to graze pasture (5 kg DM/cow.day), were offered 3 kg DM/cow.day of pasture silage and were fed different combinations of barley, cottonseed meal and lupins. In addition, 3 of the groups separately strip-grazed turnips (about 5 kg DM/cow.day). The group fed a supplement of 8.0 kg/cow.day of barley yielded similar quantities (18.3 L/cow.day) of milk and milk constituents as another group fed 4.0 kg DM/cow.day of barley and 4.5 kg DM/cow.day of turnips. Furthermore, when either 1.5 kg DM of cottonseed meal or 2.0 kg of lupins were fed in place of barley, milk yield increased by 1.4 L/cow.day. Dietary treatment had no significant (P>0.05) effects on liveweight changes. From this grazing experiment it is concluded that turnips can be used as a cheaper alternative to barley in order to maintain high levels of milk production in summer–autumn. We estimate that if the above quantities of protein supplement were fed with turnips, at 1997–98 prices, lupins would increase profits by 12 cents/cow.day, but there would be no financial benefit from the cottonseed meal. The findings from both experiments show that supplements of rumen-degradable protein (lupins) can produce an economic milk response when fed to cows on typical summer diets (pasture/silage/barley and turnips) in southern Victoria.

An evaluation of the effect of nutritional strategy in early lactation on reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
H S Gilmore ◽  
F J Young ◽  
R A Law ◽  
A R G Wylie ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
On Farm

Poor fertility is a major problem on dairy farms. On-farm studies indicate than pregnancy rates to first service have declined from approximately 55% between 1975 and 1982 to 39% between 1995 and 1998 (Royal et al., 2000), illustrating a decline of approximately 1% per year during this period. The cause is multifactorial and influenced by many factors including genetics, management and nutrition. Previous studies have reported improved fertility through nutritional modification in early lactation (Gong et al., 2002). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional strategy in early lactation on reproductive performance.

Corrigendum to: The use of energy-protein supplement increases performance of high-yielding dairy cows and improves health-promoting properties of milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1766
Author(s):  
Anna Malgorzata Brzozowska ◽  
Piotr Micek ◽  
Beata Kuczynska ◽  
Marek Lukaszewicz ◽  
Jolanta M. Oprzadek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Lipid additives are of particular importance in the diet of high-yielding dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a specially designed energy-protein supplement on dairy cows' performance and milk composition. The experiment was conducted on 24 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows fed total mixed ration. Two kilograms of energy-protein supplement/cow.day were added to the ration for one group of cows whereas the other was fed solely the total mixed ration. The supplement consisted of whole flax seeds, wheat bran, flaxseed and fish oils, and rapeseed cake and its composition is protected by a patent. Feed intake and daily milk yield were recorded automatically for each cow. Gross milk composition and fatty acid profile of milk were determined. An ANOVA was performed to determine the influence of the supplement on performance traits and milk composition. Energy-protein supplement had a positive impact on dry matter intake and milk yield of cows. It had a little effect on the gross milk composition and somatic cell count. The effect of the additive on fatty acids in milk was beneficial, therefore its use in high-yielding dairy cows nutrition is recommended to improve health-promoting properties of milk.

The use of energy-protein supplement increases performance of high-yielding dairy cows and improves health-promoting properties of milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Malgorzata Brzozowska ◽  
Piotr Micek ◽  
Beata Kuczynska ◽  
Marek Lukaszewicz ◽  
Jolanta M. Oprzadek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Lipid additives are of particular importance in the diet of high-yielding dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a specially designed energy-protein supplement on dairy cows’ performance and milk composition. The experiment was conducted on 24 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows fed total mixed ration. Two kilograms of energy-protein supplement/cow.day were added to the ration for one group of cows whereas the other was fed solely the total mixed ration. The supplement consisted of whole flax seeds, wheat bran, flaxseed and fish oils, and rapeseed cake and its composition is protected by a patent. Feed intake and daily milk yield were recorded automatically for each cow. Gross milk composition and fatty acid profile of milk were determined. An ANOVA was performed to determine the influence of the supplement on performance traits and milk composition. Energy-protein supplement had a positive impact on dry matter intake and milk yield of cows. It had a little effect on the gross milk composition and somatic cell count. The effect of the additive on fatty acids in milk was beneficial, therefore its use in high-yielding dairy cows nutrition is recommended to improve health-promoting properties of milk.

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