Geochemical processes affecting the major ion composition of rivers in the South Island, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Kim ◽  
Keith A. Hunter ◽  
Malcolm R. Reid
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
River Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Geochemical Processes ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
The South ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
Geochemical Model ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Major Ion

The major ion (Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Cl− , SO42− and reactive SiO2 ) compositions of seven rivers in the South Island, New Zealand (Manuherikia, Clutha, Takaka–Cobb, Haast, Grey, Aorere and Rakaia rivers) are reported. All the rivers were pristine in comparison with global average river waters, and the concentrations of most major ions were close to the 1% percentile levels for global river water compositions. A geochemical model that attributes ion compositions to both rain input and to the weathering of various simple mineral types in the catchment was applied to these data, and to data already published. This model, although simplistic, accounts for the main features of major ion composition in the rivers studied. The dominant sources of major ions were the weathering of limestones and feldspars. Atmospheric input was relatively small except for Na+ and Cl− .

scholarly journals Distribution, Sources and Water Quality Evaluation of the Riverine Solutes: A Case Study in the Lancangjiang River Basin, Tibetan Plateau

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinke Liu ◽  
Guilin Han ◽  
Man Liu ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Bin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
River Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Silicate Weathering ◽  
Carbonate Weathering ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs

To examine the chemical composition, potential sources of solutes, and water quality of Lancangjiang River, the concentrations of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NO3−) in 45 river water samples collected in July and August 2019 were determined. Ca2+ and HCO3− are the predominant ions in river water. The extremely low K+ and NO3− concentrations and the sparse population suggest that the anthropogenic inputs are limited. The Pearson correlation coefficients and the elemental ratios Ca2+/Na+ versus Mg2+/Na+, Ca2+/Na versus HCO3−/Na+, [Ca2+ + Mg2+]/[HCO3−] versus [SO42−]/[HCO3−] reveal the mixing processes of different sources; the chemical composition of the river water is controlled by the mixture of carbonate weathering, evaporite weathering and silicate weathering inputs. To quantify the contributions of atmospheric input and rock dissolution, the forward method is employed in this study, which is based on the mass balance equation. The calculation results suggest the carbonate weathering inputs and gypsum dissolution make up the majority of the riverine cations, while silicate weathering and halite dissolution constitutes a relatively small proportion, the contributions of the atmospheric input are limited. The fast dissolution rate of evaporite and carbonate minerals and their lithologic distributions should be the key factor. To evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes, the drinking water quality guidelines and the calculated parameters were employed, including sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (Na%,) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The assessments indicate that the river waters in the middle-lower reaches are generally suitable for irrigation and drinking purpose, and will not lead to health and soil problems, such as soil compaction and salinization. While in the upper reaches, the dissolution of carbonate and gypsum minerals transport abundant ions into river water and the river waters are not appropriate to use directly. This result highlights that the water quality status can also be affected by natural weathering processes in the area without anthropogenic inputs, where the long-time monitoring of water quality is also necessary.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Changes and Influencing Factors in the Dongkemadi Region, Tanggula Range, China

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856
Author(s):  
Tianding Han ◽  
Yuping Li ◽  
Jia Qin ◽  
Xiangying Li ◽  
Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Geochemical Model

In order to detect the source and controlling factors of hydrochemical ions in glacier meltwater-recharged rivers, the chemical characteristics of the river water, precipitation, and meltwater of the Dongkemadi River Basin, China, in 2014 (from May to October) were systematically analyzed, and combined with the hydrological and meteorological data. The results show that the hydrochemical pattern of the typical river was HCO3−-Ca2+. The most cations were Ca2+ and Mg2+, and the predominant anions were HCO3− and SO42−, in the river. The concentration of major ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river water were much larger than that in the precipitation and meltwater. The TDS concentration was ordered: River water > precipitation > meltwater. The water-rock interaction and the dilution effect of the precipitation and meltwater on the runoff ions resulted in a negative correlation between the ion concentration of the river water and the river flow. The chemical ions of the river runoff mainly originated from rock weathering and the erosion (abrasion) caused by glacier movement. In addition, the contributions of different sources to the dissolved components of the Dongkemadi River were ordered: Carbonate (75.8%) > silicate (15.5%) > hydatogenic rock (5.7%) > atmospheric precipitation (3%), calculated by a forward geochemical model. And the hydrochemical weathering rates of carbonate and silicate minerals were 12.30 t·km−2·a−1 and 1.98 t·km−2·a−1, respectively. The CO2 fluxes, consumed by the chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate, were 3.28 × 105 mol·km−2·a−1 and 0.91 × 105 mol·km−2·a−1, respectively.

Factors influencing the inorganic speciation of trace metal cations in fresh waters

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Kim ◽  
Keith A. Hunter ◽  
Malcolm R. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
High Ph ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Inorganic Complexes ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Inorganic Speciation

The effects of pH and major ion composition on the chemical speciation of the divalent cations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd have been examined after consideration of the available thermodynamic database for solution complexes of these ions. Calculations were made for two model river waters representing the 1% and 99% extremes in composition of global river waters. The results show that inorganic speciation behaviour is of two characteristic types: (a) Cu, Zn and Co are dominated by bis-hydroxy- complexes at high pH and show the greatest reduction in the fraction of free aquo ion with increasing pH; (b) Pb, Ni and Cd are dominated by carbonato- complexes at high pH and show a more gradual decrease in the fraction of free aquo ion with increasing pH. For Cu, Pb and Ni significant fractions of the labile forms of these metal ions are present as inorganic complexes in the pH range of most natural waters, whereas for Zn, Co and Cd this is true only at moderately high pH (pH >7.5). Complexing with the major ions SO42– and Cl– is important only at low pH in river waters of high ionic strength.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Quality of a Tropical River with Special Reference to Ions

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Sheeja ◽  
A. M. Sheela ◽  
S. Jaya ◽  
Sabu Joseph
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Major Ion Chemistry ◽  
Tropical River ◽  
Major Ion

The role of ions in a tropical river water (Neyyar, Kerala) was assessed. Rock weathering is the dominating mechanism controlling the major ion chemistry of Neyyar river. The dominance of Cl-HCO3-Na during monsoon indicates that geology plays a major role in controlling water chemistry. The presence of mineral varieties of quartz, feldspars, pyroxene, biotite, etc., in the Pre-Cambrian crystalline namely Khondalite and Charnockites, could be the source of major ions. The major ion chemistry of Neyyar river waters show that Na is the dominant cation with lower proportions of Mg and Ca, with HCO3 and Cl as the dominant anions. It belongs to the HCO3 group with significant amounts of Na and Cacations. The dominance of Cl-HCO3-Ca and Ca-HCO3-Cl during post monsoon and pre monsoon respectively indicates that besides geology, the land drainage and anthropogenic activities also control river water. The change in water type observed during monsoon from Na-Cl-HCO3 to Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 almost from the middle portion may be attributed to anthropogenic pollution. Hence attention is to be paid to take the control measures to prevent the pollution in this stretch of the river.

Aqueous chemistry of major ions and trace metals in the Clutha River, New Zealand

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 919 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Kim ◽  
MR Reid ◽  
RG Cunninghame ◽  
KA Hunter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Molar Basis ◽  
Weathering Process ◽  
Dissolved Trace Metals

Concentrations of the major ions Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO32-, SO42- and Cl-, of silicate, and of both total and dissolved trace metals Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were determined at sites along the Clutha River. The major ions exhibited differing behaviour both spatially and temporally. A large proportion of Cl- and Na+ throughout the catchment could be attributed to atmospheric input of sea salt. Contributions from this source for the rest of the major elements were minimal, except perhaps near the mouth of the river (K+, Mg2+). The water composition was dominated by the weathering of carbonate rather than of silicate minerals. Increases in the concentrations of Mg and Na + K indicate the weathering of Mg, K and Na from rock, minerals and clays within the catchment. The concentrations of major ions and Si were relatively low compared with other rivers in New Zealand and elsewhere. Concentrations of dissolved Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd all increased consistently with distance down river, and between 40% and 100%, for a given metal, was found in the dissolved fraction. High correlation among the dissolved trace metals, with essentially constant Cu : Zn : Pb : Cd ratios of 755 : 716 : 223 : 1 (molar basis), indicates that the same weathering process or source may be occurring throughout the catchment.

Characteristics of stable isotope and hydrochemistry of surface water, and their significance on the Huaibei plain, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Song Chen
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Carbonate Weathering ◽  
River Waters ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Hydrogen And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

Eighteen river- and two ground- water samples were collected on Huaibei plain. The major ions, and hydrogen and oxygen isotope concentrations were determined, and statistical and other analyses carried out. The results showed that all of the waters are alkaline, with high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations. Na+ + K+, and SO42− + HCO3− are the dominant anionic and cationic species, respectively, and the waters are mainly Na·K-SO4 and Na·K-HCO3 types. The δD and δ18O in river waters ranged from −53.07‰ to −22.07‰ and −6.97‰ to −1.23‰, with average values of −38.30‰ and −4.09‰, respectively. The δD and δ18O concentrations in groundwater were lower than in the river water samples. The correlation between δD and δ18O concentrations in the river water can be described by the formula δD = 5.32*δ18O − 16.54, which can also be considered the local evaporation line. The ionic content and character of the river water is mainly controlled by precipitation, evaporation and carbonate weathering, as deduced from the Gibbs diagram and principal component analyses.

Formation of the Ion Composition of the Barguzin River Waters (Lake Baikal Basin) under the Conditions of Saline Landscapes

2020 ◽  
Vol 495 (1) ◽  
pp. 858-861
Author(s):  
V. N. Sinyukovich ◽  
V. G. Shiretorova ◽  
I. V. Tomberg ◽  
L. M. Sorokovikova ◽  
L. D. Radnaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Baikal Basin ◽  
Lake Baikal Basin

Literary Histories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Marie Kröller
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Literary History ◽  
English Language ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
Literary Histories

This chapter discusses national literary histories in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific and summarises the book's main findings regarding the construction and revision of narratives of national identity since 1950. In colonial and postcolonial cultures, literary history is often based on a paradox that says much about their evolving sense of collective identity, but perhaps even more about the strains within it. The chapter considers the complications typical of postcolonial literary history by focusing on the conflict between collective celebration and its refutation. It examines three issues relating to the histories of English-language fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific: problems of chronology and beginnings, with a special emphasis on Indigenous peoples; the role of the cultural elite and the history wars in the Australian context; and the influence of postcolonial networks on historical methodology.

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