Photoinactivation and recovery of photosystem II in Chenopodium album leaves grown at different levels of irradiance and nitrogen availability

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu C. Kato ◽  
Kouki Hikosaka ◽  
Tadaki Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
High Light ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Involvement of photosynthetic capacity and D1 protein turnover in the susceptibility of photosystem II (PSII) to photoinhibition was investigated in leaves of Chenopodium album L. grown at different combinations of irradiance and nitrogen availability: low light and high nitrogen (LL-HN); high light and low nitrogen (HL-LN); and high light and high nitrogen (HL-HN). To test the importance of photosynthetic capacity in the susceptibility to photoinhibition, we adjusted growth conditions so that HL-HN plants had the highest photosynthetic capacity, while that of LL-HN and HL-LN plants was lower but similar to each other. Photoinhibition refers here to net inactivation of PSII determined by the balance between gross inactivation (photoinactivation) and concurrent recovery of PSII via D1 protein turnover. Leaves were illuminated both in the presence and absence of lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast-encoded protein synthesis. Susceptibility to photoinhibition was much higher in plants grown in low light (LL-HN) than those grown in high light (HL-HN and HL-LN). Susceptibility to photoinhibition was similar in HL-LN and HL-HN plants, suggesting that higher photosynthetic energy consumption alone did not mitigate photoinhibition. Experiments with and without lincomycin showed that high-light-grown plants had a lower rate of photoinactivation and a higher rate of concurrent recovery, and that these rates were not influenced by nitrogen availability. These results indicate that turnover of D1 protein plays a crucial role in photoprotection in high-light-grown plants, irrespective of nitrogen availability. For low-nitrogen-grown plants, higher light energy dissipation by other mechanisms may have compensated for lower energy utilization by photosynthesis.

Changes in the Stoichiometry of Photosystem II Components as an Adaptive Response to High-Light and Low-Light Conditions during Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Wild ◽  
Matthias Höpfner ◽  
Wolfgang Rühle ◽  
Michael Richter
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Light ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Pigment System ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
The One

The effect of different growth light intensities (60 W·m-2, 6 W·m-2) on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus of mustard plants (Sinapis alba L.) was studied. A distinct decrease in photosystem II content per chlorophyll under low-light conditions compared to high-light conditions was found. For P-680 as well as for Oᴀ and Oв protein the molar ratio between high-light and low-light plants was 1.4 whereas the respective concentrations per chlorophyll showed some variations for P-680 and Oᴀ on the one and Oв protein on the other hand.In addition to the study of photosystem II components, the concentrations of PQ, Cyt f, and P-700 were measured. The light regime during growth had no effect on the amount of P-700 per chlorophyll but there were large differences with respect to PQ and Cyt f. The molar ratio for Cyt f and PQ between high- and low-light leaves was 2.2 and 1.9, respectively.Two models are proposed, showing the functional organization of the pigment system and the electron transport chain in thylakoids of high-light and low-light leaves of mustard plants.

scholarly journals An Integrated Analysis of the Rice Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Root Growth Regulation Mechanisms in Response to Nitrogen Availability

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xin ◽  
Lina Zhang ◽  
Wenzhong Zhang ◽  
Jiping Gao ◽  
Jun Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Conditions

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and basic metabolic processes. Root systems play an important role in the ability of plants to obtain nutrients from the soil, and are closely related to the growth and development of above-ground plants. Root morphology analysis showed that root growth was induced under low-nitrogen conditions and inhibited under high-nitrogen conditions. To better understand the molecular mechanisms and metabolic basis underlying the rice root response to nitrogen availability, an integrated analysis of the rice root transcriptome and metabolome under three environmental conditions (low-, control, and high-nitrogen conditions) was conducted. A total of 262 and 262 differentially level metabolites were identified under low- and high-nitrogen conditions, respectively. A total of 696 and 808 differentially expressed genes were identified under low- and high-nitrogen conditions, respectively. For both the differentially expressed genes and metabolites, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that amino acid metabolism, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and phytohormones’ signal transduction were significantly affected by nitrogen availability. Additionally, variable levels of 65 transcription factors (TFs) were identified in rice leaves exposed to high and low nitrogen, covering 22 TF families. These results also indicate that there is a significant difference in the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of rice roots between low and high nitrogen. In summary, our study provides new information for a further understanding of the response of rice roots to low-nitrogen and high-nitrogen conditions.

scholarly journals Light alters the impacts of nitrogen and foliar pathogens on the performance of early successional tree seedlings

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11587
Author(s):  
Alexander Brown ◽  
Robert W. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
High Light ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Foliar Damage

Light limitation is a major driver of succession and an important determinant of the performance of shade-intolerant tree seedlings. Shade intolerance may result from a resource allocation strategy characterized by rapid growth and high metabolic costs, which may make shade-intolerant species particularly sensitive to nutrient limitation and pathogen pressure. In this study, we evaluated the degree to which nitrogen availability and fungal pathogen pressure interact to influence plant performance across different light environments. To test this, we manipulated nitrogen availability (high, low) and access by foliar fungal pathogens (sprayed with fungicide, unsprayed) to seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree, Liquidambar styraciflua, growing at low and high light availability, from forest understory to adjacent old field. Foliar fungal damage varied with light and nitrogen availability; in low light, increasing nitrogen availability tripled foliar damage, suggesting that increased nutrient availability in low light makes plants more susceptible to disease. Despite higher foliar damage under low light, spraying fungicide to exclude pathogens promoted 14% greater plant height only under high light conditions. Thus, although nitrogen availability and pathogen pressure each influenced aspects of plant performance, these effects were context dependent and overwhelmed by light limitation. This suggests that failure of shade-intolerant species to invade closed-canopy forest can be explained by light limitation alone.

scholarly journals High-Light versus Low-Light: Effects on Paired Photosystem II Supercomplex Structural Rearrangement in Pea Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8643
Author(s):  
Alessandro Grinzato ◽  
Pascal Albanese ◽  
Roberto Marotta ◽  
Paolo Swuec ◽  
Guido Saracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Structural Rearrangement ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Thylakoid Membranes ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
High Light ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Effects

In plant grana thylakoid membranes Photosystem II (PSII) associates with a variable number of antenna proteins (LHCII) to form different types of supercomplexes (PSII-LHCII), whose organization is dynamically adjusted in response to light cues, with the C2S2 more abundant in high-light and the C2S2M2 in low-light. Paired PSII-LHCII supercomplexes interacting at their stromal surface from adjacent thylakoid membranes were previously suggested to mediate grana stacking. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy maps of paired C2S2 and C2S2M2 supercomplexes isolated from pea plants grown in high-light and low-light, respectively. These maps show a different rotational offset between the two supercomplexes in the pair, responsible for modifying their reciprocal interaction and energetic connectivity. This evidence reveals a different way by which paired PSII-LHCII supercomplexes can mediate grana stacking at diverse irradiances. Electrostatic stromal interactions between LHCII trimers almost completely overlapping in the paired C2S2 can be the main determinant by which PSII-LHCII supercomplexes mediate grana stacking in plants grown in high-light, whereas the mutual interaction of stromal N-terminal loops of two facing Lhcb4 subunits in the paired C2S2M2 can fulfil this task in plants grown in low-light. The high-light induced accumulation of the Lhcb4.3 protein in PSII-LHCII supercomplexes has been previously reported. Our cryo-electron microscopy map at 3.8 Å resolution of the C2S2 supercomplex isolated from plants grown in high-light suggests the presence of the Lhcb4.3 protein revealing peculiar structural features of this high-light-specific antenna important for photoprotection.

Influence of nitrogen supply on the photoprotective response of Neoregelia cruenta under high and low light intensity

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaina Fernandes ◽  
Ricardo M. Chaloub ◽  
Fernanda Reinert
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
High Light ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Sand Ridge ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Light

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. We investigated preference for nitrogen source and the influence of ammonium nitrate on leaf pigment content, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) activity, and the efficiency of PSII in Neoregelia cruenta (R.Graham) L.B. Smith, a CAM bromeliad of major ecological importance to restinga (coastal sand ridge plains) environments. Plants showed a preference for ammonium over nitrate in a 24-h experiment where plants were exposed to 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. Mature individuals of N. cruenta were exposed to 95 and 20% full sunlight, and treated with 5 mm NH4NO3 or tap water only. After 4 months under the different treatments we found that nitrogen uptake and carotenoid content were independent of light exposure. Total chlorophyll decreased under nitrogen limitation and high light. Net titratable acid accumulation was not influenced by light or nitrogen regimes. Plants under low light showed consistently high photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) throughout the day. In contrast, plants under high light and nitrogen limitation showed a significant decline in Fv/Fm around midday, which recovered by the end of the light period. This decline in Fv/Fm was attributed to increased non-photochemical quenching. Our findings that plants under high light and with high nitrogen behave similarly to shade plants were unexpected. They suggest that the high light, high nitrogen leaves used a greater portion of the light absorbed in PSII antennae for photochemistry than the high light, low nitrogen plants. High nitrogen content in the leaves of N. cruenta appears to protect this CAM bromeliad against photoinhibition.

D1 protein turnover and carotene synthesis in relation to zeaxanthin epoxidation in rice leaves during recovery from low temperature photoinhibition

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Cheng Xu ◽  
Tingyun Kuang ◽  
Liangbi Li ◽  
Choon-Hwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
High Light ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Rice Leaves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Carotene Synthesis

The relationship between D1 protein turnover, carotene synthesis and zeaxanthin epoxidation was exam-ined in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves during recovery subsequent to chilling treatments at 500 (moderate light) or 1000 mol photons m –2 s –1 (high light) for 3 h. When recovery was monitored in the light, the decrease in the level of zeaxanthin was closely paralleled by the slow increase in the efficiency of photosystem (PS) II. Both these processes were greatly slowed down in the presence of lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast-coded protein synthesis. In leaves chilled in moderate light, the inhibitory effect of lincomycin on zeaxanthin decrease was largely eliminated by infiltration with dithiothreitol, an inhibitor of de-epoxidase, suggesting a stimulation of violaxanthin de-epoxidation rather than an inhibition of zeaxanthin epoxidation in the presence of lincomycin. In high-light-chilled leaves, lincomycin had little impact on violaxanthin de-epoxidation but strikingly blocked the process of zeaxanthin epoxidation. Furthermore both PSII recovery and zeaxanthin epoxidation in high-light-chilled leaves were almost completely suppressed by incubation with either fluridone or norflurazon, two inhibitors of carotene synthesis. The possible reason for parallel changes in the level of zeaxanthin and PSII efficiency during recovery from photoinhibition is discussed.

scholarly journals Multimeric and monomeric photosystem II supercomplexes represent structural adaptations to low- and high-light conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (43) ◽  
pp. 14537-14545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunchul Kim ◽  
Akimasa Watanabe ◽  
Christopher D. P. Duffy ◽  
Alexander V. Ruban ◽  
Jun Minagawa
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
High Light ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Low Light

An intriguing molecular architecture called the “semi-crystalline photosystem II (PSII) array” has been observed in the thylakoid membranes in vascular plants. It is an array of PSII–light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes that only appears in low light, but its functional role has not been clarified. Here, we identified PSII–LHCII supercomplexes in their monomeric and multimeric forms in low light–acclimated spinach leaves and prepared them using sucrose-density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of amphipol A8-35. When the leaves were acclimated to high light, only the monomeric forms were present, suggesting that the multimeric forms represent a structural adaptation to low light and that disaggregation of the PSII–LHCII supercomplex represents an adaptation to high light. Single-particle EM revealed that the multimeric PSII–LHCII supercomplexes are composed of two (“megacomplex”) or three (“arraycomplex”) units of PSII–LHCII supercomplexes, which likely constitute a fraction of the semi-crystalline PSII array. Further characterization with fluorescence analysis revealed that multimeric forms have a higher light-harvesting capability but a lower thermal dissipation capability than the monomeric form. These findings suggest that the configurational conversion of PSII–LHCII supercomplexes may serve as a structural basis for acclimation of plants to environmental light.

Two mechanisms of recovery from photoinhibition in vivo: Reactivation of photosystem II related and unrelated to D1-protein turnover

Planta ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Leitsch ◽  
Barbara Schnettger ◽  
Christa Critchley ◽  
G.Heinrich Krause
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
D1 Protein
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