Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. I. Comparison of the Effects of Cycloheximide, Ultraviolet Light, Wounding and Maturity

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Primary Effect ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fruit Maturity

Cycloheximide applied to apple skin discs inhibited anthocyanin synthesis even at very low concentrations (0.01 �g ml-1) but stimulated accumulation in whole apple skin at concentrations between 0.05 and 30 �g ml-1. When cycloheximide was applied as a drop to whole fruit, anthocyanin synthesis was inhibited in the zone of application. A region of enhanced synthesis surrounded the inhibited area when the concentration was 1 �g ml-1 or higher. Inhibition appears to be the primary effect, while stimulation is a secondary effect of the application of cycloheximide. Similarly, exposure to u.v. light for 5-60 min promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Wounding of fruit tissue, as a specific treatment or while preparing skin discs, increased the level of anthocyanin in the skin and replaced the stimulating effect on anthocyanin formation of applied u.v. light or cycloheximide. The effects of wounding and cycloheximide decreased with increasing fruit maturity. The data suggested that wounding, u.v. light, maturity and cycloheximide act through a common effector, perhaps ethylene.

Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. III. Involvement of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Faragher ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin was investigated. Enzyme activity was induced by exposure to white light. After a lag phase of less than 10 h, PAL activity increased to a maximum at 30 h and then declined. Anthocyanin accumuIation, after a lag phase of 20 h, continued at a constant rate for a further 100 h. The increased rate of anthocyanin accumulation which resulted from u.v. light and cycloheximide treatment of whole fruit was preceded by comparable increases in the level of PAL activity. Wounding, which stimulated anthocyanin synthesis in skin discs, caused a far greater increase in PAL activity. In wounded tissue (skin discs) neither u.v. light or cycloheximide treatment caused any increase in anthocyanin accumulation or PAL activity. Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin formation in skin discs and, to a lesser extent, reduced PAL activity. When cycloheximide was applied as a single drop to a whole fruit, it inhibited anthocyanin formation but increased PAL activity in the skin to which it was applied. In a surrounding ring of skin, both anthocyanin level and PAL activity were increased. Without light, anthocyanin synthesis did not occur and there was virtually no PAL activity in whole fruit skin. However, in skin discs held in the dark, PAL activity developed to the same level as in illuminated discs, but no anthocyanin accumulated. The results indicate that, although the level of PAL activity may control the rate of anthocyanin synthesis in whole fruit, it is not the only critical enzyme regulating anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. The mechanisms by which treatments may stimulate PAL activity and anthocyanin synthesis and the possible involvement of ethylene are discussed.

Effects of Fruit Bagging on Accumulation of Anthocyanin, Flavonoid, and Simple Phenols at Harvest and on Anthocyanin Synthesis Potential During Storage in `Delicious' Apples

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 497c-497
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Ju
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Low Levels

`Delicious' fruit were covered with paper bags from the early development stage until harvest at the Horticultural Center, Univ. of Massachusetts. Bagging did not affect fruit maturity, but significantly affected phenolic composition in fruit peel. Compared with the control, bagged fruit did not accumulate anthocyanin, but contained low levels of procyanidin and quercetin glycosides and relatively large amounts of simple phenolic acids. When bagged, fruit were re-exposed to light; they started to accumulate anthocyanin quickly and anthocyanin accumulation reached maximum after 3 days of light exposure. The potential of anthocyanin synthesis in bagged fruit remained constant during 5 months of cold storage. Results indicate that accumulation of anthocyanin, procyanidin, quercetin glycosides, and simple phenolic acids has different light requirement and these fruit could be a useful model in the research on anthocyanin synthesis and gene expression in apples.

scholarly journals The Interrelations Between Root Formation and Anthocyanin Synthesis in Red Maple Cuttings: Effects of Gibberellic Acid, Ccc, and 8-Azaguanine

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
EP Bachelard
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings

A relationship between anthocyanin content and root formation in red maple cuttings has been described earlier (Bachelard and Stowe 1962, 1963). Gibberellic acid inhibits rooting of cuttings, including those of red maple (Bachelard and Stowe 1963), and Furuya and Thimann (1964) have recently shown that anthocyanin synthesis in two species of Spirodela is inhibited by gibberellic acid, which in one of the species is active at extremely low concentrations. It was, therefore, of interest to study the effect of gibberellic acid on anthocyanin formation in the leaves of red maple cuttings.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Meng-Bo Tian ◽  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zhu-Mei Xi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relative Gene ◽  
High Expression Level

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

Condensation of a supersaturated vapor. V. The nucleating effects of ultraviolet light on vapors containing very low concentrations of o‐tolualdehyde

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1459-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Katz ◽  
Timothy McLaughlin ◽  
F. C. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Supersaturated Vapor ◽  
Low Concentrations

scholarly journals The Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Adventitious Roots of Sedum wrightii (Crassulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila D Kerr ◽  
Dennis A Gravatt ◽  
Robert J Wiggers
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation

scholarly journals Differences among the Anthocyanin Accumulation Patterns and Related Gene Expression Levels in Red Pears

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Liu Cong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Coloration Patterns ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analyses ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Differences in coloration exist among red pear cultivars. Here, we selected six red pear cultivars with different genetic backgrounds to elucidate the characteristics of fruit pigmentation. We detected anthocyanin contents and the expression levels of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in these cultivars at different stages of fruit development. The anthocyanin contents of all six cultivars showed a rise–drop tendency. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to distinguish the types of cultivars and the genes crucial to each anthocyanin accumulation pattern. The six cultivars were divided into three groups. Red Zaosu were clustered into one group, Red Sichou and Starkrimson into another group, and Palacer, Red Bartlett, and 5 Hao clustered into a third group. The expression levels of F3H, UFGT2, MYB10, and bHLH3 were similar among the differential coloration patterns of the six cultivars, suggesting a critical and coordinated mechanism for anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanin transporters (GST) and light-responsive genes, such as COP1, PIF3.1, and PIF3.2 played limited roles in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. This study provides novel insights into the regulation of anthocyanins synthesis and accumulation in red pears.

Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. II. Involvement of Ethylene

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Ethylene Production Rate

Ethylene production by immature apple fruit was stimulated by cycloheximide application, u.v. irradiation and wounding. After fruit were treated with 1 and 10 �g ml-1 cycloheximide, the rate of ethylene production increased to 2 and 10 times the control level, respectively. In skin discs cut from whole fruit (wounded tissue), the rate of ethylene production was stimulated to at least 40 times that in whole fruit. This wound-stimulated ethylene production was partially inhibited by an initial application of cycloheximide. Ultraviolet irradiation of whole fruit stimulated the rate of ethylene production to more than 25 times the control rate after 15 min irradiation. In skin discs, u.v. irradiation caused only a 50-100% increase in ethylene production rate. The effects of certain treatments on ethylene were quantitatively comparable with the effects of the same treatments on anthocyanin formation in whole fruit. Ethylene at 30 �l 1-1 stimulated anthocyanin in skin of immature apples by 16%. Possible mechanisms by which ethylene may stimulate anthocyanin synthesis are discussed.

Irradiations of rabbit myofibrils with an ultraviolet microbeam. I. Effects of ultraviolet light on the myofibril components necessary for contraction

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Wilson ◽  
Arthur Forer
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Thin Filament ◽  
Primary Effect ◽  
Chromosome Movement ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rabbit Psoas ◽  
Ultraviolet Microbeam ◽  
Filament Structure ◽  
Wavelength Light

Glycerinated rabbit psoas myofibrils, F-actin, and myofibril ghosts were irradiated with ultraviolet light (UV) to investigate how UV blocks myofibril contraction. Myofibril contraction is most sensitive to 270- and 290-nm wavelength light. We irradiated I and A bands separately with 270- and 290-nm wavelength light using a UV microbeam and constructed dose-response curves for blocking sarcomere contraction. For both wavelengths, irradiations of A bands required less energy per area to block contraction than did irradiations of I bands, suggesting that the primary effects of both 270- and 290-nm wavelength light in stopping myofibril contraction are on myosin. We investigated whether the primary effect of UV in blocking I-band contraction is the depolymerization of actin by comparing the relative sensitivities of I-band contraction, F-actin depolymerization, and thin filament depolymerization to 270- and 290-nm light. We also compared the dose of UV required to depolymerize F-actin in solution with the dose needed to block I-band contraction and the dose required to alter thin filament structure in myofibril ghosts. The results confirm that UV blocks I-band contraction by depolymerizing actin. We discuss how the results might be relevant to the hypothesis that an actomyosin-based system is involved in chromosome movement.

scholarly journals Polygalacturonase Isozymes Produced by Phomopsis cucurbitae in Relation to Postharvest Decay of Cantaloupe Fruit

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1020-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuxu Zhang ◽  
Benny D. Bruton ◽  
Charles L. Biles
Keyword(s):  
Latent Infection ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Tissue Maceration

Production of polygalacturonase (PG), a cell wall-degrading enzyme, by Phomopsis cucurbitae (latent infection fungus) was studied in relation to different carbon sources and various stages of cantaloupe fruit development. P. cucurbitae produced multiple PG isozymes both in vitro and in vivo. The fungus produced the highest PG activity and the greatest number of isozymes on pectin compared with those produced on glucose, galactose, and sucrose. Eight P. cucurbitae PG isozymes (pIs 3.7, 4.2, 6.6, 7.0, 7.3, 7.5, 7.8, and 8.6) were detected in extract from inoculated mature fruit (40 days after anthesis) by isoelectric focusing. Isozyme bands with pIs of 4.2, 7.3, and 7.8 were the most prominent. A similar set of PG isozymes was produced by P. cucurbitae in autoclaved mature fruit tissue (mesocarp). When tissue discs taken from 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-day postanthesis fruit were inoculated with P. cucurbitae, PG activity and the number of PG isozymes extracted from the macerated fruit tissue discs increased with the degree of fruit maturity and ripening. Increases in PG activity and PG isozymes were also correlated with reactivation of latent infections and the beginning of tissue maceration. An anionic PG isozyme (pI 4.2) was only visualized on decayed 50-day-old fruit exocarp, as well as 40- and 50-day-old fruit mesocarp. The experimental results support the hypotheses that P. cucurbitae PG isozymes play an important role in fruit decay once latent infection becomes active following harvest.

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