scholarly journals The Interrelations Between Root Formation and Anthocyanin Synthesis in Red Maple Cuttings: Effects of Gibberellic Acid, Ccc, and 8-Azaguanine

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
EP Bachelard
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings

A relationship between anthocyanin content and root formation in red maple cuttings has been described earlier (Bachelard and Stowe 1962, 1963). Gibberellic acid inhibits rooting of cuttings, including those of red maple (Bachelard and Stowe 1963), and Furuya and Thimann (1964) have recently shown that anthocyanin synthesis in two species of Spirodela is inhibited by gibberellic acid, which in one of the species is active at extremely low concentrations. It was, therefore, of interest to study the effect of gibberellic acid on anthocyanin formation in the leaves of red maple cuttings.

Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. I. Comparison of the Effects of Cycloheximide, Ultraviolet Light, Wounding and Maturity

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Primary Effect ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fruit Maturity

Cycloheximide applied to apple skin discs inhibited anthocyanin synthesis even at very low concentrations (0.01 �g ml-1) but stimulated accumulation in whole apple skin at concentrations between 0.05 and 30 �g ml-1. When cycloheximide was applied as a drop to whole fruit, anthocyanin synthesis was inhibited in the zone of application. A region of enhanced synthesis surrounded the inhibited area when the concentration was 1 �g ml-1 or higher. Inhibition appears to be the primary effect, while stimulation is a secondary effect of the application of cycloheximide. Similarly, exposure to u.v. light for 5-60 min promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Wounding of fruit tissue, as a specific treatment or while preparing skin discs, increased the level of anthocyanin in the skin and replaced the stimulating effect on anthocyanin formation of applied u.v. light or cycloheximide. The effects of wounding and cycloheximide decreased with increasing fruit maturity. The data suggested that wounding, u.v. light, maturity and cycloheximide act through a common effector, perhaps ethylene.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Meng-Bo Tian ◽  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zhu-Mei Xi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relative Gene ◽  
High Expression Level

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

Initiation and morphological development of somatic embryoids from barley cell cultures

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1245-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Kott ◽  
K. J. Kasha
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Media ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Barley Cell

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in callus previously initiated from immature embryos of barley. These cultures ranged in age from 6 weeks to 30 months. Embryoids were readily initiated from homogenized suspension-grown aggregates when plated on modified B5 media with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Low concentrations (0.1 and 0.05 mg∙L−1) of abscisic acid promoted further maturation of embryoids, while gibberellic acid (1 mg∙L−1) and kinetin (0.1 mg∙L−1) were used in the media to encourage embryoid germination. The development of somatic embryoids from initiation through maturation and germination is described.

DFR and PAL gene transcription and their correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Bao-Jun Zhu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jing-Hui Wang ◽  
Lin-Lin Gao ◽  
Jing-Wen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonialyase ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Abstract Objectives Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk. (R. tomentosa) is rich in nutrients and has multiple pharmacological applications. Anthocyanins confer color to the flowers and berries of R. tomentosa and provide protection against photodamage. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (PAL) are crucial for anthocyanin synthesis. Methods DFR and PAL transcript levels and anthocyanin content in the pigmented organs of R. tomentosa were investigated through qRT-PCR analysis and spectrophotometry, respectively. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was selected as the reference gene for the normalization of DFR and PAL transcript levels. Results Transcript levels of DFR and PAL were higher in organs with vigorous metabolism than those in senescent organs. DFR and PAL transcript levels were up-regulated during the initial and middle-maturity periods of fruit. These expression patterns are consistent with fruit color development. The highest transcript levels of PAL and DFR were observed during the middle-maturity period or the red-fruit period. Conclusion During the late maturity period of R. tomentosa fruit, the transcript levels of the two genes were down-regulated even though anthocyanins were continuously accumulated, which was different from the accumulation of anthocyanins in some late mature fruits.

scholarly journals Organ Regeneration on Excised Roots of Chondrilla Juncea and Its Chemical Regulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
NP Kefford ◽  
OH Caso
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Chemical Regulation ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Organ Regeneration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Standard Assay ◽  
Gibberellin Treatment ◽  
Regulation Of Regeneration

The effects of endogenous factors (plant age, section length, and section location) and environmental factors (temperature and mineral nutrition) upon organ regeneration on isolated root sections of Ohondrilla juncea L. were used to develop a standard assay system for the study of the chemical regulation of regeneration. Bud and root formation and its polarity in the presence of a variety of regulators alone and in combinations were observed quantitatively. Bud numbers were increased by auxin (low concentrations), cytokinin, and gibberellin treatments. High concentra� tions of auxin inhibited bud formation and this effect was reversed by antiauxin, cytokinin, or gibberellin. Adenine did not counteract auxin� induced bud inhibition but adenine and N�6�benzyladenine did counteract inhibition induced by the purine antagonist 2,6�diaminopurine. Numbers of regenerated roots were increased by auxin treatment and reduced by cytokinin and gibberellin treatment. On control and auxin� treated sections, bud formation was strongly polar and proximal and cytokinin and gibberellin treatments lessened the polarity. Growth retardants inhibited regeneration. Of a number of synthetic auxins tested, 2,4.dichlorophenoxy. acet.O.methylhydroxamic acid and 4�amino.3,5,6.trichloropicolinic acid were the most effective inhibitors of bud formation.

scholarly journals Wpływ kwasu 2-chloroetanofosfonoiuego (Ethrel) na ukorzenianie się zdrewniałych sadzonek czarnych porzeczek [Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) on the rooting of the blackcurrant hardwood cuttings]

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Lipecki ◽  
Jan Selwa
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Complete Cessation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

The effect of Ethrel on root formation in the blackcurrant (cv. Blacksmith) hardwood cuttings was investigated in five different periods of the year. Low concentrations of Ethrel (up to 250 ppm) stimulated rooting, whereas higher concentrations (above 250 ppm) had a harmful effect on root formation. It is suggested that ethylene can act as a rooting promoter (when low concentrations of Ethrel were used) or as rooting inhibitor (when Ethrel was used in high concentrations). Complete cessation of the inflorescence development was observed in cuttings treated with Ethrel at 100 ppm and higher concentrations.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Production Using Rough Bluegrass Treated with High-Intensity Light

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic P. Petrella ◽  
James D. Metzger ◽  
Joshua J. Blakeslee ◽  
Edward J. Nangle ◽  
David S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
High Intensity Light

Anthocyanins are plant pigments that are in demand for medicinal and industrial uses. However, anthocyanin production is limited due to the harvest potential of the species currently used as anthocyanin sources. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) is a perennial turfgrass known for accumulating anthocyanins, and may have the potential to serve as a source of anthocyanins through artificial light treatments. The objectives of this research were to determine optimal light conditions that favor anthocyanin synthesis in rough bluegrass, and to determine the suitability of rough bluegrass as a source of anthocyanins. When exposed to high-intensity white light, rough bluegrass increased anthocyanin content by 100-fold on average, and anthocyanin contents greater than 0.2% of dry tissue weight were observed in some samples. Blue light, at intensities between 150 and 250 μmol·m−2·s−1, was the only wavelength that increased anthocyanin content. However, when red light was applied with blue light at 30% or 50% of the total light intensity, anthocyanin content was increased compared with blue light alone. Further experiments demonstrated that these results may be potentially due to a combination of photosynthetic and photoreceptor-mediated regulation. Rough bluegrass is an attractive anthocyanin production system, since leaf tissue can be harvested while preserving meristematic tissues that allow new leaves to rapidly grow; thereby allowing multiple harvests in a single growing season and greater anthocyanin yields.

Germination of Seeds From the Fruits of Thryptomene calycina (Myrtaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
DV Beardsell ◽  
RB Knox ◽  
EG Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Insect Predation

Freshly fallen fruits of T. calycina contained seeds which were completely dormant; none germinated after 200 days at 20°C. Seeds excised with testas intact from fresh fruits were partially dormant; one-third germinated after 60 days. The dormancy of seeds in freshly fallen fruits was imposed jointly by the fruit and the seed. The major site of the dormancy was however the seed coat since tearing part of it away from seeds excised from fresh fruits resulted in rapid and complete germination. Fruits stored dry in a laboratory at 20°C for 90 days were partially dormant. Nicking the distal end of these fruits enhanced germination. Seeds excised from these laboratory stored fruits had 85 % germination, which indicated a reduction in the seed imposed dormancy. Germination of T. calycina was independent of light and, although the fruits contained large amounts of phenolic material this did not inhibit germination. Fruits weathered in the field for at least 2 years contained less viable seeds, presumably because of insect predation, but these all germinated within 50 days at 20°C. Brief washing of fruits in concentrated sulphuric acid increased germination. Germination was not enhanced by treatment with low concentrations of gibberellic acid in the presence or absence of cytokinin.

scholarly journals Physiochemical Studies of Sodium Chloride on Mungbean (Vigna radiataL. Wilczek) and Its Possible Recovery with Spermine and Gibberellic Acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srijita Ghosh ◽  
Sanglap Mitra ◽  
Atreyee Paul
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Oxidative Stress Marker ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Oxidative Stress Markers ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Low Concentrations

The physiological and biochemical responses to increasing NaCl concentrations, along with low concentrations of gibberellic acid or spermine, either alone or in their combination, were studied in mungbean seedlings. In the test seedlings, the root-shoot elongation, biomass production, and the chlorophyll content were significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. Salt toxicity severely affected activities of different antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased significantly over water control. Similarly, oxidative stress markers such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents also increased as a result of progressive increase in salt stress. Combined application of NaCl along with low concentrations of either gibberellic acid (5 µM) or spermine (50 µM) in the test seedlings showed significant alterations, that is, drastic increase in seedling elongation, increased biomass production, increased chlorophyll content, and significant lowering in all the antioxidant enzyme activities as well as oxidative stress marker contents in comparison to salt treated test seedlings, leading to better growth and metabolism. Our study shows that low concentrations of either gibberellic acid or spermine will be able to overcome the toxic effects of NaCl stress in mungbean seedlings.

Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. II. Involvement of Ethylene

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Ethylene Production Rate

Ethylene production by immature apple fruit was stimulated by cycloheximide application, u.v. irradiation and wounding. After fruit were treated with 1 and 10 �g ml-1 cycloheximide, the rate of ethylene production increased to 2 and 10 times the control level, respectively. In skin discs cut from whole fruit (wounded tissue), the rate of ethylene production was stimulated to at least 40 times that in whole fruit. This wound-stimulated ethylene production was partially inhibited by an initial application of cycloheximide. Ultraviolet irradiation of whole fruit stimulated the rate of ethylene production to more than 25 times the control rate after 15 min irradiation. In skin discs, u.v. irradiation caused only a 50-100% increase in ethylene production rate. The effects of certain treatments on ethylene were quantitatively comparable with the effects of the same treatments on anthocyanin formation in whole fruit. Ethylene at 30 �l 1-1 stimulated anthocyanin in skin of immature apples by 16%. Possible mechanisms by which ethylene may stimulate anthocyanin synthesis are discussed.

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