Assessment of Leaf-Washing Techniques for Measuring Salt Secretion in Avicennia Marina (Forsk.) Vierh.

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
PI Boon ◽  
WG Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Osmotic Flow ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Incomplete Removal ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Salt Secretion

Leaves of A. marina are unsuitable for measurements of salt secretion because the lower leaf surface, where most secretion occurs, is densely tomentose. Washing of leaves with distilled water, although effective in removing secreted salt, was followed by a period of apparently increased salt secretion. Washing of leaves with strong osmotica was not followed by such a large increase in the rate of salt secretion as was washing with distilled water, suggesting that this acceleration was due to an osmotic flow of water into the salt-gland complex from the washing liquid. The apparent overestimation of secretion rates over short periods was probably not due to incomplete removal of pre-secreted salt by the initial wash nor, on the basis of a comparison of leaf washings with salt contents of the leaf, to the leaching of salt from the leaf interior into the solution used to wash the leaf. Subtraction of the amount of salt secreted in the first 2 h from the total amount secreted over periods of up to 96 h resulted in roughly constant calculated rates of secretion, so that in this species the steady rate of salt secretion, not accelerated by washing with distilled water may be calculated by using a duplicate set of leaves to measure the salt secreted in the first 2 h, and subtracting this from the total secreted over a longer period. Rates of Cl- secretion, so corrected, were about 0.2 �mol m-� s-�. Unless this allowance is made, secretion rates based on washing with distilled water are overestimates, although the degree of overestimation is reduced as the length of secretion period is increased.

Effect of Salt Stress on the Salt Secretion in Aeluropus littoralis

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Guo Liang Han ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Na Sui
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Aeluropus Littoralis ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Normal Physiological Function ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Salt Secretion

The effects of NaCl on the growth, the number of salt gland and salt secretion ofAeluropus littoraliswere studied at different NaCl concentrations. Results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration, the growth ofAeluropus littoraliswas inhibited and MDA content increased gradually. With the increase of NaCl concentration, fresh weight, dry weight of single plant decreased, andA. littoralissalt secretion increased significantly. Salt gland density was significantly higher with the increase of NaCl concentration, and the total number of salt glands on the low surface was more than that on the upper surface. At the same time, the average secretion rates of individual salt glands increased. These showed that the salt glands could effectively secrete salt outside the body to keep normal physiological function.

scholarly journals Modified Cryo-Preparation for Studying Salt Glands in the Turf Grass Zoysia matrella

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Sheetal Rao ◽  
Michael W. Pendleton ◽  
Marla L. Binzel ◽  
E. Ann Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Turf Grass ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Salt Secretion

Zoysia, a common turf grass, is characterized by the presence of functional salt glands. These glands are specialized structures through which the plants excrete excess salt. Research on the mechanism of salt secretion in Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) prompted the development of a specimen preparation technique that would preserve the secreted salt and salt gland. Conventional aqueous preparative techniques wash away the secreted salt on the leaf surface. A specimen preparation technique was modified from a simple cryo-preparative technique for examining hydrogels in the transmission electron microscope.

Ectopic growth of the fungal symbiont (Chaetothyriales) on Ipomoea carnea

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza Ibrahim Noor ◽  
Amy Nava ◽  
Marwa Neyaz ◽  
Peter Cooke ◽  
Rebecca Creamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Ipomoea Carnea ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Glycoprotein Processing

Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, is an alpha-mannosidase and mannosidase II inhibitor that alters glycoprotein processing and causes lysosomal storage disease. Swainsonine is the toxic principle in several plant species worldwide and causes severe toxicosis in livestock grazing these plants. All swainsonine-containing plant taxa investigated to date are associated with fungal symbionts that produce swainsonine. Among the swainsonine-containing convolvulaceous species, Ipomoea carnea is associated with a seed transmitted symbiont belonging to the fungal order Chaetothyriales. The nature of this association was unclear therefore this association was investigated further using microscopy. Macroscopic and microscopic data reported here demonstrate that the Chaetothyriales symbiont associated with I. carnea grows ectopically on the adaxial (upper) surface of leaves as lacy mycelia in plants that contain swainsonine and was not present on plants lacking swainsonine that were derived from fungicide treated seeds. Hyphae were not observed on the surface of any other tissues including the abaxial (lower) leaf surface, petiole, and stem. Mycelia were not visible in internal tissues below the epidermis and there did not appear to be any hyphal extensions within the fibrovascular bundles or stomata. Longitudinal and/or cross sections of the stems or petioles did not show evidence of hyphae growing between cells. These results suggest an epibiotic growth habit of the Chaetothyriales symbiont in association with I. carnea.

scholarly journals First Report of Curvularia aeria on Etlingera linguiformis from Nagaland, India

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1580-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kithan ◽  
L. Daiho
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Initial Symptoms

Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. of Zingiberaceae family is an important indigenous medicinal and aromatic plant of Nagaland, India, that grows well in warm climates with loamy soil rich in humus (1). The plant rhizome has medicinal benefits in treating sore throats, stomachache, rheumatism, and respiratory complaints, while its essential oil is used in perfumery. A severe disease incidence of leaf blight was observed on the foliar portion of E. linguiformis at the Patkai mountain range of northeast India in September 2012. Initial symptoms of the disease are small brown water soaked flecks appearing on the upper leaf surface with diameter ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm, which later coalesced to form dark brown lesions with a well-defined border. Lesions often merged to form large necrotic areas, covering more than 90% of the leaf surface, which contributed to plant death. The disease significantly reduces the number of functional leaves. As disease progresses, stems and rhizomes were also affected, reducing quality and yield. The diseased leaf tissues were surface sterilized with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min followed by rinsing in sterile distilled water and transferred into potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 3 days, the growing tips of the mycelium were transferred to PDA slants and incubated at 25 ± 2°C until conidia formation. Fungal colonies on PDA were dark gray to dark brown, usually zonate; stromata regularly and abundantly formed in culture. Conidia were straight to curved, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, rarely 4-septate, middle cells broad and darker than other two end cells, middle septum not median, smooth, 18 to 32 × 8 to 16 μm (mean 25.15 × 12.10 μm). Conidiophores were terminal and lateral on hyphae and stromata, simple or branched, straight or flexuous, often geniculate, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth, and up to 800 μm thick (2,3). Pathogen identification was performed by the Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (ITCC Accession No. 7895.10). Further molecular identity of the pathogen was confirmed as Curvularia aeria by PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA by using primers ITS4 and ITS5 (4). The sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. MTCC11875). BLAST analysis of the fungal sequence showed 100% nucleotide similarity with Cochliobolus lunatus and Curvularia aeria. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying with an aqueous conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia /ml) on leaves of three healthy Etlingera plants. Three plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 7 days after inoculation and after 10 to 12 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The inoculated leaves developed similar blight symptoms to those observed on naturally infected leaves. C. aeria was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of C. aeria on E. linguiformis. References: (1) M. H. Arafat et al. Pharm. J. 16:33, 2013. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (3) K. J. Martin and P. T. Rygiewicz. BMC Microbiol. 5:28, 2005. (4) C. V. Suberamanian. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 38:27, 1955.

Peronospora anemones. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora anemones. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, A. globosa. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g. Botrytis cinerea) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).

K+ accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the salt gland cells of Limonium bicolor accompanies increased rates of salt secretion under NaCl treatment using NanoSIMS

Plant Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 286-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Tao Feng ◽  
Yun-Quan Deng ◽  
Shi-Chao Zhang ◽  
Xue Liang ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Gland ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Limonium Bicolor ◽  
Salt Secretion

scholarly journals 842 PB 482 INFLUENCE OF STOMATA AND TRANSPIRATION ON ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. POSTHARVEST LONGEVITY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 554a-554
Author(s):  
Susan M. Stieve ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Leaf Impressions

Eighteen commercially used white Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) inbreds, a hybrid of Inbred 1 × Inbred 18 (Hybrid 1) and an F2 population (F2) of Hybrid 1 were evaluated for stomatal size and density and transpiration rate to determine their affect on postharvest longevity. Stems of each genotype were cut to 40 cm, placed in distilled water and discarded when 50% of florets wilted or browned. Postharvest longevity of inbreds ranged from 3.7 to 12.9 days; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 3.0 and 9.1 days postharvest, respectively. Leaf impressions showed less than 3% of stomata were found on the adaxial leaf surface. Inbred abaxial stomatal densities ranged from 128.2 to 300.7 stomata mm-2; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 155 and 197 stomata mm-2, respectively. Transpiration measurments on leaves of stems 24 hr after cutting were made with a LI-COR 1600 Steady State Porometer. Statistical analysis showed inbreds were significantly different based on postharvest longevity, stomatal size and density and transpiration of cut stems.

scholarly journals Surface and Ultrastructural Feeding Injury to Strawberry Leaves by the Twospotted Spider Mite

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 948-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Randolph L. Grayson ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Twospotted Spider Mite ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vascular Elements ◽  
Twospotted Spider

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate damage to strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) leaves caused by twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Mites damaged epidermal cells on the lower leaf surface, but did not damage major vascular elements of the leaf. Mite-damaged spongy and palisade parenchyma cells had coagulated protoplasts, with some cells devoid of cellular contents. Mesophyll cells adjacent to damaged regions showed no ultrastructural distortion or disruption of chloroplasts.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF PACLOBUTRAZOL UPTAKE THROUGH PECAN LEAVES, YOUNG SHOOTS, AND BARK

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 862c-862
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
Harvey M. Jessup
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Flush

Paclobutrazol, a triazole growth regulator, effectively regulates pecan vegetative growth when applied as a soil or trunk drench. However, its absorption and subsequent biological activity in leaves and shoot tissue is not well understood. Terminal shoots from scaffolds of 8-yr-old `Chickasaw' pecan trees were treated with paclobutrazol after leaf flush in mid-May of 1988. Treatments included painting a mixture of 10 mg a.i. paclobutrazol and 1 ml distilled water onto either 1-yr-old wood, green wood, or the abaxial leaf surface. Shoot growth measurements and nut counts were taken in October of 1988 and 1989 on the treated shoots and all shoots arising from them. Paclobutrazol significantly increased the number of nuts per shoot in 1988, but did not affect shoot growth. More nuts were found on shoots from the 1-yr-old wood and leaf treatments than from the control and green wood treatments. In 1989, shoot growth was significantly less in the 2 former than the 2 latter treatments. These data indicate that paclobutrazol was absorbed through the bark of 1-yr-old wood and abaxial leaf tissue and sub-sequently translocated to areas of shoot growth.

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