Peak occurrence of female sexual initiation predicts day of conception in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia L. Zehr ◽  
Pamela L. Tannenbaum ◽  
Benjamin Jones ◽  
Kim Wallen
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Sexual Initiation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sexual Solicitation ◽  
Delivery Date ◽  
Conception Date ◽  
Highly Correlated

The present study investigated whether peaks in female sexual initiation could accurately predict conception in group-living female rhesus monkeys. Behavioral observations, 4 or 5 days per week in large, stable, social groups of monkeys, provided frequencies of female initiation of proximity, sexual solicitation, mounts, and ejaculations. Since a preovulatory peak in female sexual initiation is likely linked to the preovulatory oestradiol surge, we used the third day after a peak in behavior as the behavioral estimate of conception date. For each pregnancy, an independent estimate of conception date was derived from ultrasound determination of fetal length. Estimates of conception based on female initiation of proximity with adult males were accurate for more than 90% of pregnancies, whereas observation of ejaculations by males predicted conception in fewer than 60% of pregnancies. Behavioral and ultrasound estimates of conception date were highly correlated and differed by less than 1 day on average. Accordingly, predictions of delivery date based on behavioral estimates of conception date were as accurate as those based on ultrasound-derived estimates. These data suggest that female-initiated sexual behavior can be used in rhesus monkeys as a practical, non-invasive tool for producing timed matings in social groups of monkeys, providing accurate estimates of conception date, gestational age, and predicted date of birth.

VEP and PERG acuity in anesthetized young adult rhesus monkeys

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES N. VER HOEVE ◽  
YURI P. DANILOV ◽  
CHARLENE B.Y. KIM ◽  
PETER D. SPEAR
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
S Period ◽  
Highly Correlated

This study used the swept spatial-frequency method to compare retinal and cortical acuity in anesthetized young adult rhesus monkeys. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and pattern electroretinographic responses (PERGs) were recorded from 25 monkeys (age range: 4–12 years) anesthetized with a continuous infusion of propofol. The stimuli were temporally countermodulated sine-wave gratings that increased in spatial frequency within a 10.24-s period. All animals were refracted using acuity estimated from the zero micro-volt intercept of the linear regression of evoked potential amplitude on spatial frequency. Average sweep acuities were 23.7 cycles/deg ± 1.5 S.E.M. and 23.1 cycles/deg ± 1.8 S.E.M. for the PERG and VEP, respectively. VEP and PERG acuities were within the range expected based on acuities estimated from behavioral studies in macaques. PERG and VEP acuities were highly correlated (r = 0.90) and equally sensitive to spherical blur. On a subset of animals, test–retest reliability of animals, and interocular correlations, were high (r = 0.87 and r = 0.83, respectively). Increasing propofol dosage 8-fold did not degrade PERG or VEP acuity. This study demonstrates that high spatial-frequency acuities can be rapidly obtained from young adult rhesus monkeys under a wide dose range of propofol anesthesia using the swept spatial-frequency method.

scholarly journals Offspring and adult chemosensory recognition by an amphisbaenian reptile may allow maintaining familiar links in the fossorial environment

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10780
Author(s):  
José Martín ◽  
Ernesto Raya-García ◽  
Jesús Ortega ◽  
Pilar López
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Stable Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Family Groups

Kin recognition is a phenomenon with an important function in maintaining cohesive social groups in animals. Several studies have examined parent–offspring recognition in species with direct parental care. Few studies have, however, explored parent–offspring recognition in animals that, at best, only show apparent indirect parental care, such as some reptiles. In this study, we investigated reciprocal parent–offspring recognition in the fossorial amphisbaenian Trogonophis wiegmanni, a viviparous species that shows potential stable ‘family groups’ in the form of parent-offspring long-term associations. We examined whether adult males and females could discriminate via chemical cues between familiar juveniles which associate with them within their family groups, and are potentially their offspring, to that of unfamiliar juveniles, and whether juveniles could discriminate between familiar adult males and females of their family group (probably their parents) and unfamiliar unrelated adults. We measured tongue flick behavior to study chemosensory responses to the scent of conspecifics. We found that adult female amphisbaenians, but not males, could discriminate between scents of familiar and unfamiliar juveniles. Juvenile amphisbaenians did not discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar adult females, but recognize familiar from unfamiliar males. We discuss our results of parent–offspring recognition according to its potential social function in an ecological fossorial context where visibility is limited and chemosensory kin recognition may contribute to the establishment of stable family groups.

Protein Deprivation in Primates: VI. Food Preferences of Adult Rhesus Monkeys Maintained on Low-Protein Diets

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Hill ◽  
Arthur J. Riopelle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Deprivation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Protein Diets

Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5 gm, 1 gm, and 2 gm protein per kg body weight) were compared with a control group (4 gm protein per kg body weight) on a food-preference task. Food responsiveness was assessed by presenting 8 small pieces of a certain food, equally spaced about the perimeter of a turntable attached to the home cage, and recording number of pieces taken, number of pieces eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. 21 different foods were used in sequence, 3 each from the following 7 categories: cheese, meat, vegetable, nut, cereal, fruit, and candy. Scores on all 3 measures were highly correlated, and the order of preference was generally the same for all groups. The 2 lowest-protein groups accepted more foods at the lower end of the palatability spectrum than did either the 4-gm or the 2-gm group. There was a tendency for the foods least preferred by the protein-deprived monkeys to be themselves high in protein. Thus, although protein deprivation appears to increase the catholicity of food preference, there is no corresponding increase in the relationship between palatability and protein content.

scholarly journals Activeness and Loyalty Analysis in Event-Based Social Networks

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Thanh Trinh ◽  
Dingming Wu ◽  
Joshua Zhexue Huang ◽  
Muhammad Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Consecutive Time ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Association Matrix

Event-based social networks (EBSNs) are widely used to create online social groups and organize offline events for users. Activeness and loyalty are crucial characteristics of these online social groups in terms of determining the growth or inactiveness of the social groups in a specific time frame. However, there is less research on these concepts to clarify the existence of groups in event-based social networks. In this paper, we study the problem of group activeness and user loyalty to provide a novel insight into online social networks. First, we analyze the structure of EBSNs and generate features from the crawled datasets. Second, we define the concepts of group activeness and user loyalty based on a series of time windows, and propose a method to measure the group activeness. In this proposed method, we first compute a ratio of a number of events between two consecutive time windows. We then develop an association matrix to assign the activeness label for each group after several consecutive time windows. Similarly, we measure the user loyalty in terms of attended events gathered in time windows and treat loyalty as a contributive feature of the group activeness. Finally, three well-known machine learning techniques are used to verify the activeness label and to generate features for each group. As a consequence, we also find a small group of features that are highly correlated and result in higher accuracy as compared to the whole features.

scholarly journals Test–retest variability and reference region-based quantification of 18F-BCPP-EF for imaging mitochondrial complex I in the human brain

2020 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2092814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Mansur ◽  
Eugenii A Rabiner ◽  
Hideo Tsukada ◽  
Robert A Comley ◽  
Yvonne Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Mitochondrial Complex I ◽  
Reference Region ◽  
Mitochondrial Complex ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Absolute Test ◽  
Highly Correlated

Mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) is an essential regulator of brain bioenergetics and can be quantified in the brain using PET radioligand 18F-BCPP-EF. Here we evaluate the test–retest reproducibility of 18F-BCPP-EF in humans, and assess the use of a non-invasive quantification method (standardised uptake value ratio – SUVR). Thirty healthy volunteers had a 90-min dynamic 18F-BCPP-EF scan with arterial blood sampling, five of which received a second scan to be included in the test–retest analysis. Time-activity curves (TAC) were analysed using multilinear analysis 1 (MA1) and the two-tissue compartment model (2TC) to estimate volumes of distribution (VT). Regional SUVR-1 values were calculated from the 70 to 90-min TAC data using the centrum semiovale as a pseudo reference region, and compared to kinetic analysis-derived outcome measures. The mean absolute test–retest variability of VT ranged from 12% to 18% across regions. Both DVR-1and SUVR-1 had improved test–retest variability in the range 2%–7%. SUVR-1 was highly correlated with DVR-1 (r2 = 0.97, n = 30). In conclusion, 18F-BCPP-EF has suitable test–retest reproducibility and can be used to quantify MC-I in clinical studies.

scholarly journals Concessions of an alpha male? Cooperative defence and shared reproduction in multi-male primate groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1743) ◽  
pp. 3788-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Susan C. Alberts ◽  
Thore J. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Theropithecus Gelada ◽  
Data Support

By living in social groups with potential competitors, animals forgo monopolizing access to resources. Consequently, debate continues over how selection might favour sociality among competitors. For example, several models exist to account for the evolution of shared reproduction in groups. The ‘concession model’ hypothesizes that dominant reproducers benefit from the presence of subordinates, and hence tolerate some reproduction by subordinates. This mutual benefit to both dominants and subordinates may provide a foundation for the formation of social groups in which multiple members reproduce—a necessary step in the evolution of cooperation. To date, however, the concession model has received virtually no support in vertebrates. Instead, the vast majority of vertebrate data support ‘limited control models’, which posit that dominant reproducers are simply unable to prevent subordinates from reproducing. Here we present the most comprehensive evidence to date in support of the concession model in a vertebrate. We examined natural variation in the number of adult males in gelada ( Theropithecus gelada ) reproductive units to assess the extent of reproductive skew in multi-male units. Dominant (‘leader’) males in units that also had subordinate (‘follower’) males had a 30 per cent longer tenure than leaders in units that did not have followers, mainly because followers actively defended the group against potential immigrants. Follower males also obtained a small amount of reproduction in the unit, which may have functioned as a concession in return for defending the unit. These results suggest that dominants and subordinates may engage in mutually beneficial reproductive transactions, thus favouring male–male tolerance and cooperation.

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