293 EFFECT OF GUAIAZULENE ON IN VITRO BOVINE EMBRYO PRODUCTION

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dimitriadis ◽  
E. A. Rekka ◽  
E. Vainas ◽  
G. S. Amiridis ◽  
C. A. Rekkas
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Reactive Material

The substrates used in in vitro embryo production (IVP) mimic the in vivo fluids in which oocytes mature, oocytes are fertilized, and the early embryos develop (follicular and oviductal fluid). It is well established that oxidative stress negatively affects in vitro culture (IVC) outcomes. Guaiazulene (G) is a component of chamomile species oil with known antioxidant properties. In the present study, all IVP media were modified by the addition of G solutions so that the former exhibited a total protection against induced lipid peroxidation (TPaLP) similar to that of the respective in vivo environment. The IVP outcomes were then compared between G-processed and control oocytes. Bovine preovulatory follicular (BF) and oviductal (BO) fluid samples were collected from 10 Holstein 4- to 5-year-old cows in estrus. TPaLP was assessed according to the samples' ability to inhibit rat hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation, by determination of the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive material. TPaLP (mean % � SEM) of the BF and BO were 70.63 � 10.03 and 16.33 � 4.33, respectively, whereas those of the IVP [in vitro-matured (IVM), in vitro-fertilized (IVF), and IVC] media were lower (17.94 � 1.66, -1.82 � 0.78, and 14.57 � 1.26, respectively). TPaLP of the 0.1 mM G-modified IVP medium increased to 67.2 � 5.85, 19.98 � 2.49, and 69.19 � 6.22, respectively. A total of 2041 class A oocytes were used. The proportion of cleavage, early embryo development (embryos with more than 4 cells), or both after IVP (18 h IVM–5% CO2 in air, and 18 h IVF, 48 h IVC–5% CO2, 10% O2, 85% N) in the presence of G (n = 1237) during each of the IVP phases or any possible combination of IVP phases was compared with the respective control (C, n = 804). Statistical analysis was performed by a chi-squared test; P < 0.05 was considered significant. G improved cleavage and embryo development rates when present during IVM (79.4 and 57.8% vs. 64.5 and 38.2% for C) or both IVM and IVC (78.0 and 60.7% vs. 57.8 and 36.5%, respectively). When present only during 18 h of IVF, G had no effect on embryo production. However, an increased embryo development rate resulted from the combined exposure to G during IVF and IVM (56.4 vs. 29.6%), during IVF and IVC (55.3 vs. 35.5%), or at all IVP phases (56.6 vs. 34.9%). The latter effect resembled the one obtained after G addition only to the IVC medium (62.5 vs. 39.7%, respectively). We concluded that the addition of G to IVP substrates, at concentrations that mimic the in vivo TPaLP conditions, could promote bovine IVP efficiency.

Phytochemical analysis and nephroprotective effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes on sodium dichromate-induced kidney injury in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
Mbarka Hfaiedh ◽  
Dalel Brahmi ◽  
Mohamed Nizar Zourgui ◽  
Lazhar Zourgui
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium, is widely recognized as potentially nephrotoxic in humans and animals. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Cactus cladodes extract (CCE) was phytochemically studied and tested in vitro for its potential antioxidant activities. Additionally, the preventive effect of CCE against sodium dichromate-induced renal dysfunction in a Wistar rat model (24 rats) was evaluated. For this purpose, CCE at a dose of 100 mg/kg was orally administered, followed by 10 mg/kg sodium dichromate (intraperitoneal injection). After 40 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the kidneys were excised for histological, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme analyses. The phenol, flavonoid, tannin, ascorbic acid, and carotenoid contents of CCE were considered to be important. Our analyses showed that 1 mL of CCE was equivalent to 982.5 ± 1.79 μg of gallic acid, 294.37 ± 0.84 μg of rutin, 234.78 ± 0.24 μg of catechin, 204.34 ± 1.53 μg of ascorbic acid, and 3.14 ± 0.51 μg of β-carotene. In vivo, pretreatment with CCE was found to provide significant protection against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, preserving normal antioxidant activities, and protecting renal tissues from lesions and DNA damage. The nephroprotective potential of CCE against sodium dichromate toxicity might be due to its antioxidant properties.

scholarly journals The Usefulness of Retinoic Acid Supplementation during in Vitro Oocyte Maturation for the in Vitro Embryo Production of Livestock: A Review

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelnour ◽  
El-Hack ◽  
Swelum ◽  
Saadeldin ◽  
Noreldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Oxidative Damages

Retinoic acid (RA) is an indigenous metabolite and descriptive physiologically functioning constituent of vitamin A. Retinoids were documented as vital regulators for cell development and distinction, embryonic growth, and reproductive function in both male and female livestock. Previously, RA has been shown to have several positive impacts in vivo and in vitro and critically control many reproductive events, such as oocyte development, follicular growth, and early embryonic growth. In addition, RA manages apoptotic signaling and oxidative damages in cells. Recently, RA has been used widely in assisted reproductive technology fields, especially during in vitro embryo development in various mammalian species, including buffaloes, bovine, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. However, the optimum concentration of RA greatly differs based on the condition of maturation media and species. Based on the obtained findings, it was generally accepted that RA enhances nuclear oocyte maturation, cleavage and maturation rates, blastocyst formation, and embryo development. As such, it possesses antioxidant properties against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an anti-apoptotic effect through enhancing the transcription of some related genes such as superoxide dismutase, prostaglandin synthase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxins, and heme oxygenase. Therefore, the current review concludes that an addition of RA (up to 50 nM) has the potential to improve the oocyte maturation media of various species of livestock due to its antioxidant activity.

238 KNOCKING DOWN OF THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS INHIBITS DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY BOVINE EMBRYOS

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
N. Y. Rho ◽  
F. A. Ashkar ◽  
T. Revay ◽  
P. Madan ◽  
W. A. King
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Blastocyst Formation ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
In Vitro Embryo Production

Thyroid hormones (TH) play an important role in the physiology of vertebrates, ranging from the regulation of metabolic processes to cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryo development. We have previously shown a beneficial effect of supplementing TH in in vitro embryo production media. Recently, detection of TH receptors (TR) in oocytes and early stages of pre-implantation embryos indicated a possible regulatory role for TH in these stages (unpublished data). The objective of this study was to investigate the importance of TR expression in the pre-attachment bovine embryo in vitro. Bovine embryos, produced by standard in vitro embryo production procedures, were microinjected at the zygote stage with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically designed for knocking down either TR-α or TR-β. In addition, groups of zygotes were microinjected with scrambled siRNA (SI) or were not injected (NI), and these groups served as controls. Embryo developmental rates were assessed using light microscopy for blastocyst formation rates and expression of TR messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts at the blastocyst stage was assessed by quantitative PCR across all groups. Expression of TR mRNA was normalized against glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H2a, and 18S as reference genes. There was a significant decrease in blastocyst formation rates in both embryo groups injected with either TR-α (P < 0.002) and TR-β (P < 0.001) siRNA compared with the NI and SI groups. Moreover, the TR-β knockdown group exhibited a lower developmental rate than the TR-α knockdown group, which indicates a stronger inhibitory role for TR-β. Quantification of the level of TR mRNA expression in four groups normalized with three different reference genes shows a consistent significant reduction in the levels of TR-α (P < 0.05) and TR-β (P < 0.02) mRNA transcripts compared with the NI and SI groups. However, TR-β expression was inhibited more than was TR-α expression. In conclusion, the results indicate that knocking down either TR-α or TR-β restrains embryo development. This suggests that TH play a vital role in the regulation of embryo development through their receptors during bovine early embryogenesis. The specific role of each of these receptors and their mechanism of action in mediating development needs to be further elucidated. Funding was provided by CRC, NSERC, and the EmbryoGENE network.

7 THE EFFECT OF A NOVEL RECOMBINANT PROTEASE TREATMENT ON BOVINE SPERM FERTILIZING CAPACITY AND EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
J. T. Aaltonen ◽  
K. J. Mattson ◽  
N. M. Loskutoff
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Human Sequence ◽  
Bovine Sperm

As described in the IETS Manual (Stringfellow and Seidel, 1995), and endorsed by the OIE, trypsin can be used (for specific pathogens and livestock) to effectively remove certain infectious agents from in vivo-derived embryos for international transport. Because of the multimillion-dollar AI industry for livestock, the OIE has encouraged more research in developing similar decontamination techniques for semen as an added safeguard to animal quarantine for the prevention of disease transmission. Most or all of the earlier studies on embryos used a porcine pancreatic-derived trypsin. Because of more stringent guidelines from international regulatory agencies on the use of animal products, several serine protease recombinants are now available. Previous experiments comparing the porcine pancreatic extract with a recombinant bovine sequence trypsin developed in corn resulted in no statistical difference in cleavage or morula/blastocyst rates. (Mattson et al. 2008 Theriogenology 69, 724–727). An additional in vivo study treating bovine sperm with a yeast-derived human-sequence trypsin resulted in significantly more transferable-quality embryos after the AI of superovulated cows as compared with sperm not treated with trypsin (Blevins et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 84). The goal of this experiment was to examine the in vitro development of bovine embryos produced from sperm treated with a recombinant trypsin found in a commercially available density gradient centrifugation (DGC) product (Bovipure, Nidacon, Sweden) compared with DGC without trypsin. Oocyte aspiration, maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture were performed using standard methods in 5 replications (n = 2220 oocytes). Semen was collected and pooled from 2 Bos taurus bulls and frozen in an egg-yolk cryodiluent (Biladyl, Minitube). The semen was processed using Bovipure DGC composed of 2 mL of 40% colloid of silane-coated silica particles containing either a yeast-derived human sequence recombinant trypsin containing no animal by-products (n = 1126 oocytes) or the same colloid without trypsin as the control group (n = 1094 oocytes). Both 40% concentrations were layered over 2 mL of an 80% concentration of the same colloid without any additives. The density gradients were centrifuged at 300g for 20 min, after which time the pellets were washed in 5 mL of prewarmed TL Hepes solution (Cambrex) and centrifuged at 500g for 10 min. The resulting sperm pellets were then resuspended in a volume calculated to provide 1 × 106 sperm mL–1, to be used for in vitro inseminations. Results were compared using a 2-tailed unpaired t-test. Cleavage rates for the trypsin-treated sperm (n = 969, 35.8%) and the control (n = 950, 44.3%) groups were not statistically different (P = 0.20). Although more embryos reached the morula to blastocyst stages in the control group (n = 421, 61.0%) than in the trypsinized group (n = 347, 54.7%), these differences also were not statistically significant (P = 0.85). In conclusion, trypsinized Bovipure DGC of sperm before insemination showed no detrimental effects on IVF-derived bovine embryo development.

112 EFFECTS OF GUAIAZULENE ON IN VITRO CULTURE OF BOVINE ZYGOTES, AND ON mRNA TRANSCRIPTS RELATED TO EMBRYO QUALITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
E. Dovolou ◽  
M. Clemente ◽  
G. S. Amiridis ◽  
I. Messinis ◽  
A. Kalitsaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Early Embryo Development ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
Oviductal Fluid ◽  
Maximum Humidity

We have previously shown that follicular and oviductal fluid provide greater total protection against lipid peroxidation than the respective media used for the in vitro embryo production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been implicated as a major cause for the reduced in vitro bovine embryo production; it is believed that they participate in meiotic arrest of oocytes, embryonic block and cell death. The aim of this study was to determine whether guaiazulene (G), an exogenous antioxidant, added in the post fertilization culture medium would affect the early embryo development and the quality of the produced blastocysts in terms of mRNA expression of several important genes. In a previous study we had shown that media modified with 0.01 mm of G provided the same antioxidant protection as the respective in vivo environments (i.e. the follicular and the oviductal fluid). Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were aspirated from ovaries derived from slaughtered cows and matured in groups of 50 in 500 μL in TCM199 with 10% fetal calf serum and 10 ng mL–1 Epidermal Growth factor at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air and maximum humidity. Twenty-four hours later matured oocytes were inseminated with frozen/thawed bull semen and co-incubated in the same conditions as maturation. Presumptive zygotes were divided into 4 groups and cultured in groups of 25 in 25 μL of SOF with 5% FCS (Control–, n = 355), supplemented with 0.01 mm of G (n = 344) or 0.1 mm of G (n = 345) or 0.05% DMSO – the G diluent–(Control+, n = 347) at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2 and maximum humidity. Blastocyst yield was recorded on Days 6, 7, 8 and 9; Day 7 blastocysts from each group were snap frozen and stored at –80°C for mRNA extraction. Quantification of transcripts for aldose reductase mRNA (AKRIBI), prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2, COX-2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), facilitated glucose/fructose transporter, member 5 (GLUT-5) genes related to metabolism, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) antioxidant enzymes and placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) related to implantation was carried out by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Data for embryo development and on transcript abundance were analyzed by chi square and ANOVA, respectively. Cleavage rate tended to be higher in 0.01 mm group than in Control– (77.87% v. 71.41%, P = 0.07). Barring that, no other differences were detected in cleavage rate (Control+: 71.32%; 0.1 mm: 72.75%) or in the overall blastocyst yield on Day 9 (Control–: 25.50%; Control+: 26.71%; 0.1 mm: 25.75%; 0.01 mm: 29.58%). The relative abundance of genes studied varied among groups, but these differences were not significant. We infer that under the current culture conditions, G as an antioxidant has no serious direct effect on early embryo development or on embryo quality at least on the mRNA transcripts studied. Further studies using the same antioxidant in different atmospheric conditions are planed. ED and GSA were sponsored by COST (FAO702) and OECD fellowships, respectively.

The effect of steer sera generating low or high concentrations of ammonia in culture on bovine embryo development and cell number in vitro

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 2-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kuran ◽  
M.E. Staines ◽  
G.J. McCallum ◽  
A.G. Onal ◽  
T.G. McEvoy
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Cell Monolayers ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Oviduct Fluid ◽  
Bovine Oocytes

Ovine embryos produced in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) medium or in coculture with granulosa cell monolayers supplemented with low (A; 120 μmol/l) and high (B; 190 μmol/l) ammonia-producing steer sera caused different degrees of fetal oversize (Carolan et al., 1998). The objective of the present study was to determine whether the effects on fetal growth induced by these sera were associated with alterations in early embryo development.A total of 911 bovine oocytes, used in 8 replicates to test the effect of three culture treatments on embryo development, were matured and fertilized in vitro (IVF= Day 0). Presumptive zygotes were allocated on Day 1 to culture in SOF supplemented with 10% v/v steer serum (SOF+A, n=308; SOF+B, n=302) or with amino acids plus 0.4% w/v crystalline BSA (SOFaaBSA, n=301). All cultures were in 20 μl droplets under oil (38.5°C; 5% CO2, 5% O2; 4 zygotes per drop) and droplets were renewed every 48 h. Cleavage rate was recorded on Day 3. On Days 7 and 8, blastocyst yields, grade 1 and 2 blastocysts, their cell numbers (by staining with Hoechst 33342) and their stage and diameter were determined.

Dehydroepiandrosterone administration prevents the oxidative damage induced by acute hyperglycemia in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Aragno ◽  
E Brignardello ◽  
E Tamagno ◽  
V Gatto ◽  
O Danni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Acute Hyperglycemia ◽  
Tissue Resistance ◽  
In Vivo Administration ◽  
Different Doses

Free radical overproduction contributes to tissue damage induced by acute hyperglycemia. Dehydroepiandrosterone, which has recently been found to have antioxidant properties, was administered i.p. to rats at different doses (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight) 3 h before treatment with dextrose (5 g/kg). Lipid peroxidation was evaluated on liver, brain and kidney homogenates, measuring both steady-state concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and fluorescent chromolipids, evaluated as hydroxynonenal adducts. Formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly higher in hyperglycemic than in normoglycemic animals. Three hours (but not 1 h) dehydroepiandrosterone-pretreatment protected tissues against lipid peroxidation induced by dextrose; both thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroxynonenal adducts in liver, kidney and brain homogenates were significantly lower in dehydroepiandrosterone-pretreated animals. Dehydroepiandrosterone did not modify the cytosolic level of antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol or glutathione, nor the activities of glutathione peroxidase, reductase or transferase. The results of this study indicate that the 'in vivo' administration of dehydroepiandrosterone increases tissue resistance to lipid peroxidation triggered by acute hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals Oviductal response to gametes and early embryos in mammals

Reproduction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. R127-R141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Maillo ◽  
Maria Jesus Sánchez-Calabuig ◽  
Ricaurte Lopera-Vasquez ◽  
Meriem Hamdi ◽  
Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Oocyte Fertilization ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Oviductal Fluid

The oviduct is a complex and organized thin tubular structure connecting the ovary with the uterus. It is the site of final sperm capacitation, oocyte fertilization and, in most species, the first 3–4days of early embryo development. The oviductal epithelium is made up of ciliary and secretory cells responsible for the secretion of proteins and other factors which contribute to the formation of the oviductal fluid. Despite significant research, most of the pathways and oviductal factors implicated in the crosstalk between gametes/early embryo and the oviduct remain unknown. Therefore, studying the oviductal environment is crucial to improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling fertilization and embryo development. In vitro systems are a valuable tool to study in vivo pathways and mechanisms, particularly those in the oviducts which in livestock species are challenging to access. In studies of gamete and embryo interaction with the reproductive tract, oviductal epithelial cells, oviductal fluid and microvesicles co-cultured with gametes/embryos represent the most appropriate in vitro models to mimic the physiological conditions in vivo.

Role of transferrin and ceruloplasmin in antioxidant activity of lung epithelial lining fluid

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 2092-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Pacht ◽  
W. B. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Epithelial Lining ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Ferroxidase Activity

Lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) is a thin layer of plasma ultrafiltrate and locally secreted substances that may provide antioxidant protection and serve as a "front-line" defense for the lower respiratory tract epithelium. To characterize the antioxidant properties of ELF, young, healthy, nonsmoking volunteers underwent bronchoalveolar lavage with determination of ELF volumes and ELF proteins. ELF (greater than 0.4 ml) is a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) production in an in vitro iron-dependent assay system. Two serum proteins, transferrin and ceruloplasmin, were quantitated in ELF and found to be potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. Other ELF components, including vitamin E, vitamin C, and albumin, did not function as antioxidants in this system. Several experimental observations suggest that ELF transferrin was more important than ceruloplasmin in inhibiting lipid peroxidation: 1) ELF concentrations of transferrin were 20-fold higher than those for ceruloplasmin; 2) ELF antioxidant activity was abolished by preincubation with Fe3+; 3) ELF antioxidant activity was minimally affected by sodium azide, which is known to inhibit ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity; and 4) ELF ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity was virtually nondetectable. ELF possesses a significant antioxidant activity that may be important in vivo in protecting the lung from oxidant injury.

scholarly journals Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of Phytol In Vivo and In Vitro Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Carolina de Menezes Patrício Santos ◽  
Mirian Stiebbe Salvadori ◽  
Vanine Gomes Mota ◽  
Luciana Muratori Costa ◽  
Antonia Amanda Cardoso de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of phytol using chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice and to assess its antioxidant effects in vitro. Phytol was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to mice at doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, phytol significantly reduced the number of contortions compared to the control group (P<0.001). In the formalin test, phytol reduced significantly the amount of time spent in paw licking in both phases (the neurogenic and inflammatory phases), this effect being more pronounced in the second phase (P<0.001). Phytol also provoked a significant increase in latency in the hot plate test. These antinociceptive effects did not impaire the motor performance, as shown in the rotarod test. Phytol demonstrated a strong antioxidant effect in vitro in its capacity to remove hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide as well as to prevent the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Taken as a whole, these results show the pronounced antinociceptive effects of phytol in the nociception models used, both through its central and peripheral actions, but also its antioxidant properties demonstrated in the in vitro methods used.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document