Nitrogen distribution in soil density fractions and its relation to nitrogen mineralisation under different tillage systems

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Alvarez ◽  
C. R. Alvarez ◽  
P. E. Daniel ◽  
V. Richter ◽  
L. Blotta
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralisation ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Distribution ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Density Fractions

Cropping leads to a depletion of soil organic matter which is associated with a decrease in crop yields. In order to reduce land degradation, conservation tillage systems have been developed over the last few decades. We evaluated the effects of 12 years of no-tillage, chisel tillage, and plough tillage, in a Typic Argiudoll from the Argentine Pampa, on nitrogen distribution in the light (<1·6 g/mL), medium (1·6–2·0 g/mL), and heavy (>2·0 g/mL) soil density fractions and its mineralisation potential. Under no-tillage, nitrogen in light and heavy fractions, and mineralised nitrogen of the whole soil, diminished markedly with depth. Meanwhile, in ploughed soil these variables remained constant up to 20 cm depth. Under chisel tillage, an intermediate condition was observed. In the first 20 cm, no-tillage accumulated more nitrogen in light and medium fractions. A higher and positive correlation was observed between the percentage of organic nitrogen mineralised and the nitrogen in the soil medium fraction, as a percentage of the total nitrogen. Cumulative nitrogen production fitted significantly to the exponential (R2 > 0·931), hyperbolic (R2 > 0·932), and logistic (R2 > 0·930) models, while the Gompertz equation described the data best, obtaining the highest determination coefficient (R2 > 0·989). In vitro nitrogen mineralisation was highest under no-tillage. These results could be attributed to the accumulation of labile organic components associated with a lower mineralisation intensity in the field, a consequence of lower temperatures. This increase under no-tillage in fertility can represent a nitrogen reserve for future crops.

scholarly journals Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Murphy ◽  
David R. Clements ◽  
Svenja Belaoussoff ◽  
Peter G. Kevan ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Chisel Plow

In a 6-yr study on four farms (36 fields) in Ontario, Canada, we tested the effects of tillage (moldboard, chisel plow, no tillage) and crop rotations (continuous corn, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-winter wheat) on emerged and seedbank weed species diversity and density. Aside from the imposed experimental treatments, all other management was generally consistent among farms. Tillage had the largest effect on weed diversity and density. No tillage promoted the highest weed species diversity, chisel plow was intermediate, and moldboard plow resulted in the lowest species diversity. These results are consistent with ecological succession theory. The increase in weed species diversity resulted from 20 species being associated with no tillage systems, 15 of which were winter annuals, biennials, or perennials. Emerged weed density was affected only by tillage. Over 6 yr, seedbank declined in no-tillage systems from 41,000 to 8,000 seeds m−3. Crop yields were not affected by tillage or crop rotation. In practical terms, reduced tillage in combination with a good crop rotation may reduce weed density and expenditures on weed management.

scholarly journals Comparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total Energy Input

Sustainable crop production requires an efficient usage of fossil energy. This six-year study on a silt loam soil (chernozem) analysed the energy efficiency of four tillage systems (mouldboard plough 25–30 cm, deep conservation tillage 35 cm, shallow conservation tillage 8–10 cm, no-tillage). Fuel consumption, total energy input (made up of both direct and indirect input), grain of maize yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity and energy use efficiency were considered. The input rates of fertiliser, herbicides and seeds were set constant; measured values of fuel consumption were used for all tillage operations. Total fuel consumption for maize (Zea mays L.) production was 81.6, 81.5, 69.5 and 53.2 L/ha for the four tillage systems. Between 60% and 64% of the total energy input (17.0–17.4 GJ/ha) was indirect energy (seeds, fertiliser, herbicides, machinery). The share of fertiliser energy of the total energy input was 36% on average across all tillage treatments. Grain drying was the second highest energy consumer with about 22%. Grain yield and energy output were mainly determined by the year. The tillage effect on yield and energy efficiency was smaller than the growing year effect. Over all six years, maize produced in the no-tillage system reached the highest energy efficiency.  

scholarly journals High Crop Yields Produced with or without Tillage on 3 Typical Soils of the Humid Mountain Region of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Rubén Caro-Costas ◽  
Elvin G. Boneta
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems

Yields of tobacco, sugarcane, plantains, taniers, yams, corn, sweetpotatoes, and beans were similar under tillage and no-tillage systems on three typical soils of the Humid Mountain Region of Puerto Rico. All three soils had excellent physical condition, with bulk densities averaging 1.05 and with 15,5 percent of the pores drained at 1/3 atmospheres of pressure. These data suggest that no tillage is necessary for production of widely different crops in the area, if weeds and grasses are controlled by herbicides. If crops can be grown without tillage, the erosion problems that normally plague this area can be greatly reduced.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SISTEM OLAH TANAH DAN PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN JANGKA PANJANG TERHADAP RESPIRASI TANAH DI LAHAN POLITEKNIK NEGERI LAMPUNG TAHUN TANAM KE-27

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Erdiana Damayanti ◽  
Muhajir Utomo ◽  
Ainin Niswati ◽  
Henrie Buchari
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System

Unsustainable cultivation techniques can cause carbon loss on farm.   The cultivation technique that is often used by farmers today is intensive tillage.  Intensive tillage can increase CO2. Steps to reduce CO2 gas emissions, while increasing carbon stored in the soil by implementing agricultural cultivation with conservation tillage system (Olah Tanah Konservasi). The conservation tillage system is able to reduce global warming through absorption of C in the soil, and reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, fertilization can also affect CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions in the soil come from soil respiration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage systems on soil respiration, determine the effect of long-term N fertilization on soil respiration, and determine the effect of interactions between tillage systems and long-term N fertilization on soil respiration. The study was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors, namely the tillage system and nitrogen fertilization factors. The first factor is the treatment of tillage system (T) namely T0 = no tillage, and T1 = intensive tillage, while the second factor is without nitrogen fertilizer (N0) and high nitrogen fertilizer (N1). The data obtained will be tested for homogeneity by Bartlett Test and additives tested by Tukey Test. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with a BNJ test of 5% level. Observation of soil respiration was done 4 times, namely -1, 1, 2, 3 days after tillage. The results showed that soil respiration one day before to three days after the soil was treated in intensive tillage (OTI) was the same as the no tillage system (TOT), soil respiration -1 days after tillage to 3 days after tillage on nitrogen fertilization (100 N kg ha-1 ) given in the previous planting season the same as without fertilization (0 kg N ha-1), and there is no interaction between the tillage system and nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Grey Water Footprint Comparing the Indirect Effects of Different Agricultural Practices

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eros Borsato ◽  
Alejandro Galindo ◽  
Paolo Tarolli ◽  
Luigi Sartori ◽  
Francesco Marinello
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Experimental Field

Increasing global food demand and economic growth result in increasing competition over scarce freshwater resources, worsened by climate change and pollution. The agricultural sector has the largest share in the water footprint of humanity. While most studies focus on estimating water footprints (WFs) of crops through modeling, there are only few experimental field studies. The current work aims to understand the effect of supposedly better agricultural practices, particularly precision agriculture (variable rate application of fertilizers and pesticides) and conservation agriculture (minimum, strip, or no-tillage), on water deterioration and water pollution. We analyzed the results from an experimental field study in the northeast of Italy, in which four different crops are grown across three years of crops rotation. We compared minimum, strip, and no-tillage systems undergoing variable to uniform rate application. Grey WFs are assessed based on a field dataset using yield maps data, soil texture, and crop operations field. Leaching and associated grey WFs are assessed based on application rates and various environmental factors. Yields are measured in the field and recorded in a precision map. The results illustrate how precision agriculture combined with soil conservation tillage systems can reduce the grey water footprint by the 10%. We assessed the grey Water Footprint for all the field operation processes during the three-year crop rotation.

Impacts of Conservation Tillage Systems on Long-Term Crop Yields

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Stephen A. Ebelhar
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems

Farm-level profitability analysis of alternative tillage systems on clay soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel K. Yiridoe ◽  
Tony J. Vyn ◽  
Alfons Weersink ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Clarence Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
No Till ◽  
Significant Difference

Crop yields, production costs, and net returns for seven alternative conservation tillage (including five reduced tillage and two no-till) treatments were compared with a conventional tillage (CT) treatment for a corn (Zea mays L.) – soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) rotation for two clay soils in southwestern Ontario. There was no significant difference in corn and soybean yields between the CT and the conservation tillage systems at either location, although actual yields tended to be highest for CT management. Tillage treatments that used a common set of machinery for corn and soybean production generated savings in annual machinery costs. Variable costs were lowest for the reduced-tillage treatments and highest for the two no-till treatments due to higher equipment expenditures and additional herbicide requirements. For a given location, there was often no significant difference in net returns between CT and the conservation tillage treatments, although average net returns for the corn–soybean cropping systems tended to be highest for CT and lowest for no-till. Key words: Net returns analysis, conservation tillage systems, clay soils, corn, soybeans

scholarly journals No-Tillage and Minimum Tillage – their Impact on Soil Compaction, Water Dynamics, Soil Temperature and Production on Wheat, Maize and Soybean Crop

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora RUSU ◽  
Paula Ioana MORARU ◽  
Ovidiu RANTA ◽  
Ioan DROCAS ◽  
Ileana BOGDAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Over Time

No-Tillage (NT) and Minimum Tillage (MT) have, in recent years, become tillage systems for soil conservation, popular in Romania. Their insertion in agricultural practice reduces soil degradation phenomena, avoids the implementation of an intensive management and reduces production costs. This work had as objectives: to assess the effects of tillage systems on compaction, temperature and soil moisture, as well as establishing the effect of the changes on the production of wheat, maize and soybeans. The study was conducted on an argic-stagnic Faeoziom. MT and NT application reduce or completely eliminate the soil mobilization, due to this, soil is compacted in the first years of application. The degree of compaction is directly related to soil type and its state of degradation. The state of soil compaction diminishes over time, tending toward a specific type of soil density. Soil moisture was higher in NT and MT at the time of sowing and in the early stages of vegetation, then the differences diminishes over time. Moisture determinations show significant differences, statistically insured. MT and NT systems reduce the thermal amplitude in the first 15 cm of soil and increase soil temperature by 0.5-2.20C.Water dynamics and soil temperature showed no differences that could affect crop yields. Productions obtained at MT and NT don’t have significant differences at wheat and are higher at soybean. The differences in crop yields are recorded at maize and can be a direct consequence of loosening, mineralization and intensive mobilization of soil fertility.

scholarly journals Soil tillage systems: changes in soil structure and crop response

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mazurana ◽  
Renato Levien ◽  
Jônatan Müller ◽  
Osmar Conte
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The introduction and intensification of no-tillage systems in Brazilian agriculture in recent decades have created a new scenario, increasing concerns about soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different tillage systems on some physical properties of an Ultisol previously under native grassland. Five tillage methods were tested: no-tillage (NT), chiseling (Ch), no-tillage with chiseling every two years (NTCh2), chiseling using an equipment with a clod-breaking roller (ChR) and chiseling followed by disking (ChD). The bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, mechanical resistance to penetration, water infiltration into the soil and crop yields were evaluated. The values of soil bulk density, mechanical resistance to penetration and microporosity increased as macroporosity decreased. Soil bulk density was lower in tillage systems with higher levels of tillage/soil mobilization; highest values were observed in NT and the lowest in the ChD system. The water infiltration rate was highest in the ChR system, followed by the systems ChD, NT and NTCh2, while crop yields were higher in systems with less soil mobilization.

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