Floral development and anatomy of Macarthuria australis (Macarthuriaceae): key to understanding the unusual initiation sequence of Caryophyllales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis P. Ronse De Craene ◽  
Lai Wei
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Anatomy ◽  
Floral Evolution ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Initiation Sequence ◽  
Rapid Emergence

We investigated the floral anatomy and development of Macarthuria australis Hügel ex Endl., an unusual genus endemic to Australia, in the context of floral evolution of core Caryophyllales. Flower initiation is spiral, with sepals developing quincuncially. The first two petals continue the sequence of sepal initiation, but the remaining petals arise from common stamen–petal primordia. The androecium develops sequentially as three inner antesepalous and five outer antepetalous stamens. The globular ovary is trimerous with a short symplicate zone and two arillate ovules per locule. The rapid emergence of the androecium leads to a partial absorption of the petal primordia within the androecial tissue. The two first-formed petals have more room for development and precede the androecium, supporting the fact that petals are not staminodial in origin. This heterochronic shift correlates with an inversed developmental sequence of the antesepalous stamens. The constraint caused by the spatial occupation of sepals and carpels leads to the loss of two stamens, and the re-arrangement of stamens and petals along the flanks of the carpels. The floral development of Macarthuria anticipates a syndrome of stamen and petal development in other core Caryophyllales and culminating in the Caryophyllaceae.

Floral development of Potamogeton densus

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Posluszny ◽  
R. Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Procambial Strand ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The floral appendages of Potamogeton densus are initiated in an acropetal sequence. The first primordia to be seen externally are those of the lateral tepals, though sectioning young floral buds (longitudinally, parallel to the inflorescence axis) reveals initial activity in the region of the lower median (abaxial) tepal and stamen at a time when the floral meristem is not yet clearly demarcated. The lateral (transversal) stamens are initiated simultaneously and unlike the median stamens each arises as two separate primordia. The upper median (adaxial) tepal and stamen develop late in relation to the other floral appendages, and in some specimens are completely absent. Rates of growth of the primordia vary greatly. Though the lower median tepal and stamen are initiated first, they grow slowly up to gynoecial inception, while the upper median tepal appears late in the developmental sequence but grows rapidly, soon overtaking the other tepal primordia. The four gynoecial primordia arise almost simultaneously, although variation in their sequence of inception occurs. The two-layered tunica of the floral apices gives rise to all floral appendages through periclinal divisions in the second layer. The third layer (corpus) is involved as well in the initiation of the stamen primordia. Procambial strands develop acropetally, lagging behind primordial initiation. The lateral stamens though initiating as two primordia each form a single, central procambial strand, which differentiates after growth between the two primordia of the thecae has occurred. A great amount of deviation from the normal tetramerous flower is found, including completely trimerous flowers, trimerous gynoecia with tetramerous perianth and androecium, and organs differentiating partially as tepals and partially as stamens.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of the PISTILLATA Ortholog Gene from Cymbidium faberi Rolfe

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Fei ◽  
Zhi-Xiong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Protein Alignment ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Potted Plant

Cymbidium faberi Rolfe is a very popular potted plant in China, Japan and Korea where it has been cultivated for centuries. The economic value of this popular native Asian orchid could be enhanced by changes in its floral traits. In Arabidopsis, PISTILLATA (PI) is involved in regulating petal and stamen development. In order to investigate the possible role of the PI ortholog involved in floral development, we isolated CyfaPI from C. faberi. Protein alignment and a phylogenetic tree grouped CyfaPI in the PI lineage. CyfaPI transcripts were detected in all floral organs, but were absent in leaves. Moreover, in flowers, the highest expression level of CyfaPI was present in the gynostemium and the lowest level was found in anther caps. In addition, ectopic expression of CyfaPI in Arabidopsis pi-1 mutant rescued petal development, and complement the development of filament-like structure (part of stamen), but failed to complement anther development in the stamen whorl. All these finding suggest that CyfaPI is mainly responsible for perianth and gynostemium development in C. faberi. Our data may help to trace the development of the gynostemium program and evolution in orchids.

The floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya (Caricaceae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
LP Ronse Decraene ◽  
E F Smets
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Anatomy ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Stigmatic Exudate ◽  
Large Ovary ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Shed Light

Floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya L. have been investigated to shed light on (i) the morphology of the flower, (ii) the structural basis for the pollination mechanism, and (iii) the relationships of the Caricaceae. Carica is mostly dioecious with a strong dimorphism between staminate and pistillate flowers. The development of staminate flowers resembles that of pistillate flowers up to the initiation of the stamens. Further development leads to highly diverging morphologies. In staminate flowers a combination of contorted growth and the development of a common stamen-petal tube produces a long floral tube. The gynoecium grows into a central spearlike pistillode. The pistillate flowers have no traces of stamens and initiate five antesepalous carpel primordia. Common basal growth leads to the development of a large ovary with staglike stigmatic lobes and intruding placentae covered with numerous ascending ovules. Floral anatomy of staminate and pistillate flowers is described. The nature of the colleters is discussed. The morphological basis for reward production in C. papaya is clarified, and conflicting views on pollination are discussed. Nectaries of staminate flowers are located on the central rudimentary pistil and not at the base of the stamens, as previously reported. The anthers contain packages of calcium oxalate crystals. Pistillate flowers produce no nectar but have a stigmatic exudate. We compared the floral development and anatomy of Carica with that of Adenia (Passifloraceae) and Moringa (Moringaceae) in the view of a relationship with other glucosinolate-producing families. Although a derivation of the unisexual flowers from bisexual ancestors is probable, Storey's hypothetical derivation of pistillate flowers is not supported by the floral ontogeny and vasculature.Key words: Adenia, Caricaceae, Moringa anatomy, calcium oxalate packages, dioecy, floral structure, nectaries, ontogeny, pollination, systematic relationships.

The floral development and floral anatomy ofChrysosplenium alternifolium, an unusal member of the Saxifragaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Ronse Decraene ◽  
P. Roels ◽  
E. F. Smets ◽  
A. Backlund
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Anatomy

scholarly journals Development and Abortion of Flowers in Capsicum annuum Exposed to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 476A-476
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reduction of floral number in Capsicum annuum has been observed during growth at high temperature. To determine whether decreased flower production or increased flower abscission is a direct response to high temperatures or a response to water stress induced by high temperatures, we compared flowers and fruit produced and flowers aborted to leaf growth rate, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two cultivars. To determine the stage(s) of floral development that are most sensitive to high temperatures, flower buds were wax-embedded and examined at each stage of development during heat treatment. Rate of floral development also was examined. At first visible floral bud initiation, plants were transferred to each of three controlled environment growth chambers with set temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) of 25°C, 1.1 kPa; 33°C, 1.1 kPa; and 33°C, 2.1 kPa. Flower bud production and leaf growth rate were not significantly affected by high temperatures. Pepper fruit set, however, was inhibited at 33°C at either VPD. Preliminary water relations data suggested that water potentials were more negative under high temperature conditions. Differences in leaf fluorescence were statistically significant for temperature treatments, but not for VPD. Temperature is the primary factor in the decrease of fruit production in pepper. Decreased production is due to flower abortion and not to decreased flower initiation or plant growth.

scholarly journals Floral development of dioecious species and trends of floral evolution in Piper sensu lato

1998 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
LI-GONG LEI ◽  
HAN-XING LIANG
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Evolution ◽  
Dioecious Species

scholarly journals How Have Advances in Comparative Floral Development Influenced Our Understanding of Floral Evolution?

2015 ◽  
Vol 176 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverley J. Glover ◽  
Chiara A. Airoldi ◽  
Samuel F. Brockington ◽  
Mario Fernández-Mazuecos ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Evolution

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE IS A KEY REGULATOR OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING IN PROTEA NERIIFOLIA AND PROTEA CYNAROIDES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 649g-649
Author(s):  
Steven Dupee ◽  
Peter Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Temperature Regimes

The strategy of this study was to determine the period of floral initiation for both species and then to determine the critical regulator(s) of flower initiation and floral development. Plants grown under different temperature regimes gave best shoot extension and flower initiation at temperatures with 10°C night and 15 to 25°C day. Field data from four locations showed a correlation of time of flower initiation and temperatures over the same range. Temperature is an important determinant of the vegetative flush period of both species. The stem diameter of all shoots is a consequence of the vegetative flush growth and in turn is well correlated with flower initiation. Plants given day temperatures of 20°C or above remain in the vegetative phase. Flower abortions in Protea neriifolia and reversions from floral to vegetative shoots in Protea cynaroidesresult from high day temperatures. Daylength was not found to be critical for flower initiation. A cool temperature period acts as a control to change shoots from the vegetative to reproductive phase.

Floral Evolution in the Detarieae (Leguminosae): Phylogenetic Evidence for Labile Floral Development in an Early-Diverging Legume Lineage

2014 ◽  
Vol 175 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bruneau ◽  
Bente B. Klitgaard ◽  
Gerhard Prenner ◽  
Marie Fougère-Danezan ◽  
Shirley C. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Evolution

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHRYSANTHEMUM

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 649f-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriam G. Karlsson ◽  
Janice T. Hanscom
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Scanning Electron

The progression of flower initiation was documented in Dendranthema X grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamura `Bright Golden Anne'. Rooted cuttings were planted and grown under 16 hours photoperiod (360 μmol·s-1m-2) and a constant 20C. After 7 days, the plants were pinched, the temperature reduced to 5, 10 or 15C and the day length shortened to 10 hours (13 mol·day-1m-2). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the transition from vegetative to reproductive meristem and to document the flower formation process. Shoot apices from three randomly selected plants were dissected weekly from each temperature until plants had developed floret primordia to completely cover the apical dome. Delayed floral development in the low temperature grown plants was a combination of a later flower initiation event and a slower progression of flower development. Required time for formation of 3-4 rows with floret primordia was about 21 days at 15C, 32 days at 10C and 70 days at 5C.

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