Layer charge characteristics of smectites from Vertosols (Vertisols) of New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balwant Singh ◽  
Susan Heffernan
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
New South ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Layer Charge ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

Premature senescence in cotton has been attributed to K deficiency in the cotton soils of Australia. The availability, release, and fixation of K+ in soils are mainly dependent on the clay mineralogy and layer charge characteristics of 2 : 1 clay minerals. There is a little information on the mineralogy and charge characteristics of the cotton growing soils (Vertosols) of Australia. The aims of this study were to determine the clay mineralogy, the layer charge density, and layer charge distribution of some cotton growing soils by chemical and X-ray diffraction methods.Most soil clays contain abundant smectite associated with small amounts of mica, kaolinite, and an interstratified mineral. The total layer charge as determined by the alkylammonium method ranged between 0.55 and 0.67 mol(–)/(O10(OH)2), indicating a high interlayer charge density. The layer charge of smectites from different valleys and for different size fractions was similar. The Greene-Kelly test showed that most of the charge originated in the tetrahedral sheet. The chemical analysis indicates that the smectite is an iron-rich beidellite, which has possibly formed from the weathering of mica.

The soil clays of Great Britain: I. England and Wales

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Loveland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

AbstractThe mineralogy of the clay fractions (<2 µm) of the major soils of England and Wales is reviewed, and the data presented in terms of the 1:250 000 National Soil Map. Most soils developed in pre-Rhaetic sediments are dominated by mica with lesser amounts of chlorite and kaolin. Exceptions are soils developed in calcareous Coal Measure shales which have significant smectite contents, and freely drained soils in Keuper Marl which contain swelling chlorite, sepiolite and palygorskite. Soils developed in post-Triassic sediments are dominated generally by expansible minerals, except for those developed in Lower Lias and Estuarine Series rocks (Jurassic) which are dominated by mica and kaolin respectively. The presence of loess in soils seems to be associated with the occurrence of a complex interstratified mineral with X-ray diffraction properties akin to vermiculite. Weathering of soil clays is most marked in the wetter uplands, but over most of lowland England is detectable only by slight changes in non-exchangeable potassium content and cation-exchange capacity towards the soil surface. Applications of soil clay mineralogy in the fields of plant nutrition and soil mechanics are discussed, in particular the production of maps showing mineralogical provinces.

The mineralogy of metamorphosed basic rocks from the Willyama Complex, Broken Hill district, New South Wales. Part II. Pyroxenes, garnets, plagioclases, and opaque oxides

1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (272) ◽  
pp. 561-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Binns
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Broken Hill ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hill District ◽  
Basic Rocks

SummaryChemical and optical data are presented for the orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, garnets, plagioclases, and opaque oxides in high-grade regionally metamorphosed basic rocks and their garnetiferous associates from the Willyama Complex. Exsolution phenomena in the pyroxenes have been studied by X-ray diffraction methods and with the electron probe micro-analyser. The (001) lamellae in one lime-rich clinopyroxene are clinohypersthene. Comparison of the Willyama and other granulite facies clinopyroxenes with those of slowly cooled basic igneous rocks suggests that their chemical compositions may be used as guides to temperature conditions during formation. Willyama plagioclases are complexly twinned and possess intermediate structural states.

Partially-ordered mixed-layer mica-montmorillonite from Maitland, New South Wales

Clay Minerals ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fourier Synthesis ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Layer Sequence ◽  
South Wales

AbstractA mixed-layer clay mineral from a Permian sandstone at Maitland, New South Wales has been identified as 2:1 mica-montmorillonite structure with ‘imperfectly regular’ interstratification. The results from Fourier transform analysis and Fourier synthesis of 00l X-ray diffraction data have not fully elucidated the interlayering patterns but have indicated that there is complete alteration in the stacking and that the 1:1 (allevardite type) layer sequence relationship is strongly developed.X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, thermogravimetric, chemical, cation exchange and electron microscopic data for the mineral are given. The chemical analysis for the Na+-saturated material gives the structural formulaK0.90 Ca0.06 Na0.49 [Al3.52, Fe0.183+ Mg0.27 Ti0.03 (Al1.24 Si6.76) O20 (OH)4] H2OIt is considered that most of the fixed K+ and Ca++ ions are probably held in the mica interlayers, while the exchangeable components are largely accommodated in the expanded montmorillonite zones.

The relationship between euhedral and framboidal pyrite in base-metal sulphide ores

1979 ◽  
Vol 43 (326) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ostwald ◽  
Brian M. England
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
New South ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Framboidal Pyrite ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sulphide Ores ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySpecimens of layered baryte containing a range of pyrite forms, including framboids, framboidal aggregates, spherulites, polyhedra, and zoned euhedral crystals from Kempfield, New South Wales, Australia, have been examined by mineragraphy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). These investigations showed that the pyrite occurred in two forms—an arsenical variety containing approximately 5% arsenic in solid solution within the pyrite and a non-arsenical variety. EPMA studies indicate that the framboids and the cores of the zoned euhedral crystals have similar levels of arsenic and a genetic relationship is deduced to exist between these forms.

Possible effects of irrigation with wastewater on the clay mineralogy of some Australian clayey soils: laboratory study

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhiy Marchuk ◽  
Jock Churchman ◽  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Peak Decomposition

Potassium is common in a wide variety of wastewaters and in some wastewaters is present at several hundred to several thousand mg L–1. Potassium is taken up by expandable clays leading to its fixation and illitisation of smectitic and vermiculitic layers. Hence the addition of wastewaters to soils may lead to mineralogical changes in the soils that affect their physico-chemical properties. Winery wastewater was equilibrated with clay-rich soils from Southern Australia. X-ray diffraction patterns and chemical composition of clays extracted from untreated and treated soils were determined. In three of the four soils, shifts in peak positions occurred towards more illitic components along with increases in K and sometimes also Mg and Na contents of soil clays. Peak decomposition showed trends towards the formation of interstratifications of illite with smectite at the expense of smectite and an alteration of poorly crystallised illite into its more well-ordered forms. The results show that illitisation may occur as a result of the addition of K-rich wastewaters to clayey soils.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

THE CLAY MINERALS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SUBSOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark ◽  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
H. J. Hortie
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The South ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Montmorillonitic Clay

X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the clay minerals present in fourteen subsoil samples that were selected to represent some more important clay-bearing deposits in British Columbia. The clay mineralogy of the subsoils varied considerably but montmorillonitic clay minerals tended to predominate in the water-laid deposits of the south and illite in the soil parent materials of the Interior Plains region of the northeastern part of the Province.

scholarly journals Electron Charge Density Distribution from X-ray Diffraction Study of the M-Nitrophenol Compound in the Monoclinic Form

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fodil Hamzaoui ◽  
Mokhtaria Drissi ◽  
Abdelkader Chouaih ◽  
Philippe Lagant ◽  
Gérard Vergoten
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Electron Charge ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Charge Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Charge Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Monoclinic Form

A Combination Method of Charge Density Measurement in Hard Materials Using Accurate, Quantitative Electron and X-ray Diffraction: The α-Al2O3 Case

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Streltsov ◽  
Philip N.H. Nakashima ◽  
Andrew W.S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Free Data

Current X-ray diffraction techniques intended for “ideally imperfect” specimens provide structure factors only on a relative scale and ever-present multiple scattering in strong low-angle Bragg reflections is difficult to correct. Multiple scattering is implicit in the quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED) method, which provides absolutely scaled structure factors. Conventional single crystal X-ray diffraction has proved adequate in softer materials where crystal perfection is limited. In hard materials, the highly perfect nature of the crystals is often a difficulty, due to the inadequacy of the conventional corrections for multiple scattering (extinction corrections). The present study on α-Al2O3 exploits the complementarity of synchrotron X-ray measurements for weak and medium intensities and QCBED measurement of the strong low-angle reflections. Two-dimensional near zone axis QCBED data from different crystals at various accelerating voltages, thicknesses, and orientations have been matched using Bloch-wave and multislice methods. The reproducibility of QCBED data is better than 0.5%. The low-angle strong QCBED structure factors were combined with middle and high-angle extinction-free data from synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. Static deformation charge density maps for α-Al2O3 have been calculated from a multipole expansion model refined using the combined QCBED and X-ray data.

Molecular tapes in the structure of isoguaninium chloride

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Anna Budniak ◽  
Paulina Maria Dominiak
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Interaction Energy ◽  
Electrostatic Interaction ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Structure

Isoguanine, an analogue of guanine, is of intrinsic interest as a noncanonical nucleobase. The crystal structure of isoguaninium chloride (systematic name: 6-amino-2-oxo-1H,7H-purin-3-ium chloride), C5H6N5O+·Cl−, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structure analysis was supported by electrostatic interaction energy (E es) calculations based on charge density reconstructed with the UBDB databank. In the structure, two kinds of molecular tapes are observed, one parallel to (010) and the other parallel to (50\overline{4}). The tapes are formed by dimers of isoguaninium cations interacting with chloride anions. E es analysis indicates that cations in one kind of tape are oriented so as to minimize repulsive electrostatic interactions.

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