The soil clays of Great Britain: I. England and Wales

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Loveland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

AbstractThe mineralogy of the clay fractions (<2 µm) of the major soils of England and Wales is reviewed, and the data presented in terms of the 1:250 000 National Soil Map. Most soils developed in pre-Rhaetic sediments are dominated by mica with lesser amounts of chlorite and kaolin. Exceptions are soils developed in calcareous Coal Measure shales which have significant smectite contents, and freely drained soils in Keuper Marl which contain swelling chlorite, sepiolite and palygorskite. Soils developed in post-Triassic sediments are dominated generally by expansible minerals, except for those developed in Lower Lias and Estuarine Series rocks (Jurassic) which are dominated by mica and kaolin respectively. The presence of loess in soils seems to be associated with the occurrence of a complex interstratified mineral with X-ray diffraction properties akin to vermiculite. Weathering of soil clays is most marked in the wetter uplands, but over most of lowland England is detectable only by slight changes in non-exchangeable potassium content and cation-exchange capacity towards the soil surface. Applications of soil clay mineralogy in the fields of plant nutrition and soil mechanics are discussed, in particular the production of maps showing mineralogical provinces.

Clay mineralogy at Rothamsted: 1934—1988

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Loveland ◽  
I. G. Wood ◽  
A. H. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Structure Determinations ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSoil clay mineralogy at Rothamsted began in the early 1930s, and quickly focused on technique, swelling minerals, micas and sorption phenomena. By the mid-1940s interest had extended to the formation and spatial distribution of soil clays with the move of the Soil Survey of England and Wales to Rothamsted. These themes continued for the next 40 years. Considerable contributions were made to crystal chemistry and structure determinations, and the relationship of these to the sorption and desorption of water and organic molecules, and the behaviour of soil K. The pattern of soil clay mineralogy was determined for large parts of England and Wales, and absorbed into soil mapping. The work on X-ray diffraction appeared in the Mineralogical Society Monographs on this subject. These, and the Monograph on Clay Chemistry, which reached their final form in the 1980s, are the lasting monuments to soil clay mineralogical research at Rothamsted.

Layer charge characteristics of smectites from Vertosols (Vertisols) of New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balwant Singh ◽  
Susan Heffernan
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
New South ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Layer Charge ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

Premature senescence in cotton has been attributed to K deficiency in the cotton soils of Australia. The availability, release, and fixation of K+ in soils are mainly dependent on the clay mineralogy and layer charge characteristics of 2 : 1 clay minerals. There is a little information on the mineralogy and charge characteristics of the cotton growing soils (Vertosols) of Australia. The aims of this study were to determine the clay mineralogy, the layer charge density, and layer charge distribution of some cotton growing soils by chemical and X-ray diffraction methods.Most soil clays contain abundant smectite associated with small amounts of mica, kaolinite, and an interstratified mineral. The total layer charge as determined by the alkylammonium method ranged between 0.55 and 0.67 mol(–)/(O10(OH)2), indicating a high interlayer charge density. The layer charge of smectites from different valleys and for different size fractions was similar. The Greene-Kelly test showed that most of the charge originated in the tetrahedral sheet. The chemical analysis indicates that the smectite is an iron-rich beidellite, which has possibly formed from the weathering of mica.

X-ray diffraction characteristics and related properties of Smectites in some Canadian soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Ross ◽  
H. Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Particle Thickness

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities of smectites in Chernozemic and related soils of Western Canada are generally low, in contrast to the high peak intensities of smectites in Podzolic soils of Eastern Canada and those of standard smectite samples. Consequently, X-ray quantitative analysis based on standard smectite samples may underestimate the amount of smectite and overestimate the amount of noncrystalline material in western Canadian soils. This study was undertaken to find the reasons for the weak XRD peak intensities of western soil smectites in terms of their purity and crystallinity. The Tiron dissolution method extracted only small amounts of noncrystalline material from the western soil clays and had little effect on XRD characteristics. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) hysteresis (or pH dependent CEC) between pH 3.5 and 11.0 of the western soil clays was also relatively small which confirmed the absence of significant amounts of noncrystalline material in these soil clays. Observed deviations of XRD positions from true basal spacings indicated that the western soil smectite particles were consistently thinner than the eastern soil smectite and Wyoming montmorillonite particles. Electron microscope observations supported these results. Because the diffraction intensity is proportional to the square of the particle thickness, the thinness of the western soil smectite particles appears to be a major factor in reducing their peak intensities. Thus, to obtain comparable peak intensity data from different soil smectites, particle thickness should be taken into account. Since it is often not practical to measure particle thickness, a procedure for quantifying smectite in soils that avoids this measurement is proposed. Key words: Peak intensity, crystallinity, particle size, particle thickness, Chernozemic smectite, Podzolic smectite

Possible effects of irrigation with wastewater on the clay mineralogy of some Australian clayey soils: laboratory study

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhiy Marchuk ◽  
Jock Churchman ◽  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Peak Decomposition

Potassium is common in a wide variety of wastewaters and in some wastewaters is present at several hundred to several thousand mg L–1. Potassium is taken up by expandable clays leading to its fixation and illitisation of smectitic and vermiculitic layers. Hence the addition of wastewaters to soils may lead to mineralogical changes in the soils that affect their physico-chemical properties. Winery wastewater was equilibrated with clay-rich soils from Southern Australia. X-ray diffraction patterns and chemical composition of clays extracted from untreated and treated soils were determined. In three of the four soils, shifts in peak positions occurred towards more illitic components along with increases in K and sometimes also Mg and Na contents of soil clays. Peak decomposition showed trends towards the formation of interstratifications of illite with smectite at the expense of smectite and an alteration of poorly crystallised illite into its more well-ordered forms. The results show that illitisation may occur as a result of the addition of K-rich wastewaters to clayey soils.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

THE CLAY MINERALS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SUBSOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark ◽  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
H. J. Hortie
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The South ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Montmorillonitic Clay

X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the clay minerals present in fourteen subsoil samples that were selected to represent some more important clay-bearing deposits in British Columbia. The clay mineralogy of the subsoils varied considerably but montmorillonitic clay minerals tended to predominate in the water-laid deposits of the south and illite in the soil parent materials of the Interior Plains region of the northeastern part of the Province.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE META-STABLE TRIPLE POINT SOLUTION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE UPON THE CLAY SEPARATES OF TWO ONTARIO SOILS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Triple Point ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Point Solution ◽  
Soil Clay

Samples of material less than 2 μ in diameter were obtained from the surface horizon of a Guelph loam and of a Haldimand clay loam. These samples were subjected to six successive treatments with the meta-stable triple point solution of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MTPS) to simulate the environment near a dissolving superphosphate granule. Samples of montmorillonite and illite standard clays were also included. The dissolution losses in per cent were: Guelph clay 59.5, Haldimand clay 40.4, montmorillonite 3.4, and illite 8.1. Total chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction techniques, differential thermal analyses and electron microscope observations were used to determine the nature of these losses. In the soil clay separates, vermiculite and interstratified montmorillonite were more susceptible to the action of MTPS than were the illite or halloysite clay minerals.

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