Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Bengsen ◽  
Luke K.-P. Leung ◽  
Steven J. Lapidge ◽  
Iain J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Poison Baiting ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Feral Pig

Context The mitigation of feral pig (Sus scrofa) impacts in north Queensland’s World Heritage tropical rainforests is constrained by the lack of an effective and target-specific poison baiting method. Aims This study aimed to determine whether easily implemented bait presentation methods or seasonal variation in bait acceptability could be used to selectively reduce the consumption of feral pig baits by non-target species. Methods We exposed manufactured feral pig baits to pigs and non-target species in the field, and compared bait encounter, sampling and consumption rates for different functional groups of species among three different types of bait presentation and composition. We then exposed baits under different seasonal conditions and related bait encounter and consumption by different functional groups to seasonally variable phenomena. Key results Shallow burial greatly reduced bait consumption by most non-target species, but not dingoes (Canis lupus dingo). Nocturnal bait distribution and seasonal baiting were less useful. Pigs showed substantial seasonal variation in physiological condition, suggesting that pigs should be more susceptible to consuming novel foods, such as baits, after periods of low rainfall. However, few pigs consumed the manufactured baits used in this study. Conclusions Manufactured baits are not currently suitable for widespread use in the region. However, shallow burial should provide an effective method of reducing non-target bait-take if baits can be made more attractive and acceptable to pigs and less acceptable to dingoes. Implications Future efforts to enable effective feral pig control in the region should focus on developing baiting materials that are more attractive to pigs and unappealing to dingoes.

Potential impacts of poison baiting for introduced house mice on native animals on islands in Jurien Bay, Western Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford Bennison ◽  
J. Anthony Friend ◽  
Timothy Button ◽  
Harriet Mills ◽  
Cathy Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Native Species ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Domesticus ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Poison Baiting ◽  
Competition For Resources

Context House mice (Mus domesticus) are present on Boullanger and Whitlock islands, Western Australia, and could potentially threaten populations of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) and grey-bellied dunnart (Sminthopsis griseoventer) through competition for resources. A workshop in 2007 recommended a study to assess the feasibility of eradicating house mice from the islands by using poison baits and of the risk posed to non-target native species. Aim We aimed to assess the risk to non-target native species if poison baiting was used to eradicate house mice on Boullanger and Whitlock islands. Methods Non-toxic baits containing the bait marker rhodamine B were distributed on Boullanger Island and on the mouse free Escape Island to determine the potential for primary poisoning. Acceptance of baits by mammals was measured through sampling and analysis of whiskers, and by reptiles through observations of dye in faeces. To determine the potential for secondary exposure to poison, the response of dibblers to mouse carcasses was observed using motion-activated cameras. Bait acceptance was compared using two methods of delivery, namely, scattering in the open and delivery in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. A cafeteria experiment of bait consumption by dibblers was also undertaken using captive animals held at the Perth Zoo. Ten dibblers were offered non-toxic baits containing rhodamine B in addition to their normal meals; consumption of bait and the presence of dye in whiskers were measured. Key results Bait acceptance on the islands was high for house mice (92% of individuals) and dibblers (48%) and it was independent of bait-delivery technique. There was no evidence of bait acceptance by grey-bellied dunnarts. Dibblers may consume mice carcasses if available; however, no direct consumption of mice carcasses was observed with movement sensor cameras but one dibbler was observed removing a mouse carcass and taking it away. During the cafeteria experiment, 9 of 10 captive dibblers consumed baits. Conclusions This investigation demonstrated that dibblers consume baits readily and island populations would experience high mortality if exposed to poison baits. Poison baiting could effectively eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands but not without mortality for dibblers. Implications Toxic baits could be used to eradicate mice from Boullanger and Whitlock islands, provided that non-target species such as dibblers were temporarily removed from the islands before the application of baits.

scholarly journals Assessing Risks to Non-Target Species during Poison Baiting Programs for Feral Cats

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e107788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Buckmaster ◽  
Christopher R. Dickman ◽  
Michael J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Target Species ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Poison Baiting

scholarly journals Understanding medical civil-military relationships within the humanitarian-development-peace ‘triple nexus’: a typology to enable effective discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. jramc-2019-001382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Horne ◽  
S Boland
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
Hearts And Minds

The interface between humanitarianism, development and peacebuilding is increasingly congested. Western foreign policies have shifted towards pro-active stabilisation agendae and so Civil-Military Relationships (CMRel) will inevitably be more frequent. Debate is hampered by lack of a common language or clear, mutually understood operational contexts to define such relationships. Often it may be easier to simply assume that military co-operation attempts are solely to ‘win hearts and minds’, rather than attempt to navigate the morass of different acronyms. In healthcare, such relationships are common and more complex - partly as health is seen as both an easy entry point for diplomacy and so is a priority for militaries, and because health is so critical to apolitical humanitarian responses. This paper identifies the characteristics of commonly described kinds of CMRel, and then derives a typology that describe them in functional groups as they apply to healthcare-related contexts (although it is likely to be far more widely applicable). Three broad classifications are described, and then mapped against 6 axes; the underlying military and civilian motivations, the level of the engagement (strategic to tactical), the relative stability of the geographical area, and finally the alignment between the civilian and military interests. A visual representation shows where different types may co-exist, and where they are likely to be more problematic. The model predicts two key areas where friction is likely; tactical interactions in highly unstable areas and in lower threat areas where independent military activity may undermine ongoing civilian programmes. The former is well described, supporting the typology. The latter is not and represents an ideal area for future study. In short, we describe an in-depth typology mapping the Civil-Military space in humanitarian and development contexts with a focus on healthcare, defining operational spaces and the identifying of areas of synergy and friction.

scholarly journals Mitigating Effects of Climate Change and Deforestation on Bees With Respect to Their Ecology and Biology

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Musiliyu Oladipupo Mustafa ◽  
Olubusola Temitope Adeoye ◽  
Folorunso Ishaq Abdulalzeez ◽  
Olukayode Dare Akinyemi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Populous Country

<p>Deforestation occurs around the world; though tropical rainforests are particularly targeted, it is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. While Nigeria is probably best known today for its oil deposits, according to the World Resources Institute, Nigeria is home to 4,715 different types of plant species, and over 550 species of breeding birds and mammals, making it one of the most ecologically vibrant places of the planet. It is also one of the most populous country with appalling deforestation record. This situation is hence making our ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture and other natural endowments highly unsecured. The Forest provides excellent resources for bees and beekeeping, and bees are a vital part of forest ecosystems. Bees are essential for sustaining our environment because they</p><p>Pollinate flowering plants and conserves biological biodiversity along with their products (honey, propolis, bee wax, royal jelly and bee venom) which are beneficial to man. Conservation of the forest is therefore imperative for sustainable beekeeping. The study reviews the different causes of climate change and how they affect different natural forest activities which are weather-dependent. Also how climate change and other causes (both natural and man-made) lead to deforestation, which in turn distort sustainable honey production in Nigeria. Different sustainable measures hoped to alleviate the effects of climate change and deforestation where also discussed. </p>

Termite Behavior: Measuring the Postanoxic Consumption Rates of Landscape Mulches by Eastern Subterranean Termites

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
D. Parks Collins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Eastern Subterranean Termite

Populations of the Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, are widespread throughout most of the eastern United States. Subterranean termites have the ability to survive flooding conditions by lowering their metabolism. This lesson investigates the connection between the ability of termites to lower their metabolism to survive floods and their feeding behavior. Using an incubator, Petri dishes, and different types of mulch, termite consumption can be measured and compared. These results can be analyzed with a simple statistical test to look for significance.

Effects of aphids and moth caterpillars on epiphytic microorganisms in canopies of forest trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Stadler ◽  
Thomas Müller
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Epiphytic Microorganisms ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Different Types

Different types of herbivores were investigated for their effects on microorganisms in the phyllosphere of forest trees during the growing season. Aphids on spruce, beech, and oak produced honeydew, which was readily consumed by microorganisms and resulted in two to three orders of magnitude higher densities (colony forming units) of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi on leaves of infested trees. The amounts of honeydew excreted by different aphid species and their mode of excretion (large droplets, tiny droplets scattered over leaves, production of wax wool) affected the degree to which honeydew could be processed by epiphytic microorganisms. All groups of microorganisms appeared to be energy limited. These results were consistent for different growth media offered to the microorganisms. Leaf-feeding moth caterpillars also positively affected the growth of microorganisms on leaves of beech and oak. The effects were more pronounced for bacteria and yeasts especially on oak. Thus, different functional groups of herbivores positively affected the growth of microorganisms in the phyllosphere of trees. It is suggested that the population dynamics of herbivores and their feeding characteristics are important features, which should be considered when the population dynamics of microorganisms in the canopies of trees is studied.

An analysis of bait-take and non-target impacts during a fox-control exercise

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Dexter ◽  
Paul Meek
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Poison Baiting ◽  
Heath Forest ◽  
Free Feeding ◽  
Fox Control ◽  
Control Exercise

The effectiveness of a fox-control exercise at the Beecroft Peninsula, New South Wales, was evaluated by examining the change in proportion of baits taken during free-feeding and after lethal baiting in four different habitats (heath, forest, coastal scrub, beach), and the change in number of radio-collared foxes alive during the course of the baiting exercise. The change in proportion of baits taken by non-target species was also examined over the course of the study. Bait take declined by 97% from the initiation of poison baiting to the final day of poison baiting eight days later with significantly more baits being taken in heath than in any other habitat. Four out of six radio-collared foxes died on the first day of poison baiting while the other two foxes died within ten days of the start of the poison-baiting session. Black rats, currawongs and ravens took a small number of baits throughout the baiting exercise.

scholarly journals Effect of treatment in percolating filters on the numbers of bacteria in sewage in relation to the composition and size of filtering medium

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Tomlinson ◽  
J. E. Loveless ◽  
L. G. Sear
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Selective Action ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

For a period of a year the total count, Coli-aerogenes count and turbidity were determined on samples of sewage and effluent taken every week from pilot-scale percolating filters treating domestic sewage. The eight filters contained four types of filtering medium in two sizes.Numbers of coliform bacteria in the settled sewage were much higher during the warmer months but the total count showed no regular seasonal variation. Treatment in all the filters reduced the numbers of bacteria in both groups by over 95%. In general the reductions in numbers of bacteria and in numbers of all particles in suspension were proportional to the total area of filtering medium with which the sewage came into contact. The probability of discharging more than 10,000 coli-aerogenes per ml. ranged from 10% in the most efficient to 90 % in the least efficient filter.Experiments in which Serratia indica was added to the influent sewage showed that only 0·4 % were recovered in the settled effluent after 24 hr. Treatment in the filters had little selective action on the different types of coliform bacteria.This paper is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

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